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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of death in developed countries as well as in developing countries. In general, the clinical manifestations of CVD, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, are caused by an atherosclerotic process with onset as from the middle age. However, current studies indicate that the atherosclerotic process starts to develop in childhood. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been studied as to its inflammatory aspect. Among the inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been extensively studied in individuals with CVD, including those apparently healthy. High CRP levels have been related to risk factors for atherosclerosis: family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking and sedentary lifestyle. A great part of these risk factors may be influenced by lifestyle modifications, such as changes in eating habits and engagement in physical activities. The effects of physical activity on CRP levels in adulthood are documented in the literature, however little is known on the influence of an active or sedentary lifestyle of children and adolescents on CRP levels. Thus, the objective of this study is to review the impact of physical activity of children and adolescents on CRP levels and the risk factors for the development of CVD.
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PMID:Risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescence. 1851 90

The importance of diabetes mellitus (diabetes) as a cause of mortality and morbidity is well known. The number of patients increases alongside aging of the population and increase in the prevalence of obesity and sedentary life style. Diabetes affects approximately 8% of the USA population. Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes occurs in 20% of cases, and type II (insulin-independent or maturity onset) diabetes occurs in 80% of the diabetic population diabetes mellitus type II is preceded by longstanding asymptomatic hyperglycemia, which accounts for the development of long-term diabetic complications. The main macrovascular complications for which diabetes has been a well established risk factor throughout the cardiovascular system, are: coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), increased intima-media thickness (IMT) and stroke. Considering the cardiovascular surgeon, diabetes is associated with an increased rate of early and late complications following coronary artery bypass grafting. Diabetic patients have also been known to have an increased incidence of complications after elective major vascular surgery such as carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and leg amputations due to PVD. Cardiovascular surgeons frequently treat diabetic patients either because diabetes is incidental to another disease requiring surgery, or due to diabetes-related complication such as occlusive vascular disease, neuropathy or infection. Approximately 50% of diabetics undergo one,or more operations during their lifetime. This paper reviews the relationship between diabetic patients and their cardiovascular surgeons. In order to understand this relationship, one must first examine the underlying mechanisms by which hyperglycemia causes hazardous pre and post operative consequences. Then, one must examine the existing evidence of how diabetes correlates with these cardiovascular consequences, followed by the need for multidisciplinary team work which helps the surgeon to cope with diabetic patients.
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PMID:Diabetic heart and the cardiovascular surgeon. 1853 2

Prevalence rates of atherosclerotic diseases and its association to risk- and protective factors were analyzed in an age and gender stratified sample of a Berlin population of 70-103-year-old subjects (BASE: Berlin Aging Study). The investigation revealed three essential findings. (i) Age-specific differences in the prevalence rates of coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease were not detectable. (ii) Cerebrovascular disease was less frequent among subjects over 90 years compared to younger subjects. (iii) Some well documented risk factors of cardiovascular morbidity (hypertension, obesity, low serum HDL-cholesterol) appeared to be unrelated to atherosclerotic manifestations in advanced old age. Hypertension, elevated serum-cholesterol and male sex, however, were significantly associated with cerebrovascular disease, as was smoking and male sex with peripheral vascular disease. The relatively low number of persons diagnosed with cerebrovascular disease.in the highest age-group (90-103 years) was probably due to selective mortality. In summary, this univariate analysis confirmed associations between cardiovascular morbidity, and risk factors also in advanced old age.
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PMID:Atherosclerotic disease in very old age: Preliminary results from the Berlin aging study (base). 1864 58

This multicenter, retrospective study presents the use of a human acellular dermal regenerative tissue matrix as an alternative treatment for 100 chronic, full-thickness wounds of the lower extremity in 75 diabetic patients. Comorbidities included cardiac disease (86.0%), neuropathy (86.0%), peripheral vascular disease (82.0%), infection (54.0%), obesity (51.0%), and osteomyelitis (37.0%). Wound locations included the foot (86.0%), ankle (8.0%), and lower extremity (6.0%). Mean wound age was 20.4 weeks (1.3-191.4 weeks). University of Texas (UT) wound classifications included 15 (15.0%) 1A, 1 (1.0%) 1B, 1 (1.0%) 1C, 2 (2.0%) 1D, 18 (18.0%) 2A, 8 (8.0%) 2B, 5 (5.0%) 2C, 3 (3.0%) 2D, 3 (3.0%) 3A, 7 (7.0%) 3B, 3 (3.0%) 3C, and 34 (34.0%) 3D. The mean time to matrix incorporation, 100% granulation, and complete healing was 1.5 weeks (0.43-4.4 weeks), 5.1 weeks (0.43-16.7 weeks), and 13.8 weeks (1.7-57.8 weeks), respectively. The overall matrix success rate, as defined by full epithelialization, was 90.0%. One failed wound subsequently healed approximately 7 weeks after matrix reapplication. The healing rate was 91.0%, as 91 of the 100 wounds healed. No statistically significant differences were observed between UT classifications and time to matrix incorporation, 100% granulation, and complete healing. Absence of matrix-related complications and high rates of closure in a wide array of diabetic wounds suggest that this matrix is a viable treatment for complex lower extremity wounds. Lack of any statistically significant differences between UT grades and wound outcome end points lends further support to the universal applicability of this matrix, with successful results in both superficial diabetic wounds and in wounds penetrating to the bone or joint.
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PMID:A multicenter study involving the use of a human acellular dermal regenerative tissue matrix for the treatment of diabetic lower extremity wounds. 1867 86

Metabolic syndrome (MS), which is composed of such factors as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia, contributes to accelerated development of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and type 2 diabetes. It has thus become one of the major public-health challenges worldwide. The primary goal of its clinical management is to reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases related to atherosclerosis, especially myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, and to lower the risk for type 2 diabetes. The fi rst stage in its successful preventive management is identification of the population at high risk of developing metabolic syndrome. The therapeutic approach to metabolic syndrome consists fi rst of all of lifestyle modification, i.e. the introduction of a low calorie diet, weight reduction, and regular physical activity. For people at high risk for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes as well as those with coronary artery disease and/or type 2 diabetes, pharmacological therapy should be considered. Pharmacological management must address the multipathological process of metabolic syndrome, with each component identified and properly treated. Current therapies for metabolic syndrome treat fi rst of all obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The pharmacological agents most often suggested are those which increase insulin resistance (metformin and thiazolidinediones). Among the medications used in metabolic syndrome therapy are also fibrates and statins for atherogenic dyslipidemia and those lowering blood pressure, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. This review presents the most important aspects of the prevention and treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome, including new therapeutic strategies.
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PMID:[Metabolic syndrome. Part III: its prevention and therapeutic management]. 1893 31

REACH is the largest international registry designed to identify the clinical characteristics of atherothrombosis in the real-life setting. The present study describes the baseline and 1-year follow-up characteristics of 67,888 patients with coronary, cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease (VD group) or with three or more risk factors for developing atherothrombosis (RFO group) followed-up by 5,473 physicians. At baseline the patients had a high prevalence of risk factors, especially obesity, insufficient treatment (69.4% statins and 78.6% platelet antiaggregants) and involvement of more than one vascular territory in 15.9%. At 1 year of follow-up, 4.24% had a combination of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or stroke (4.69% in the VD group and 2.15% in the ORF group). This finding was related to the number of diseased vascular territories (2.15% in the ORF group and 9.21% in patients with three diseased territories). The REACH registry shows that the patients studied had multiple vascular involvement, undertreatment and high morbidity.
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PMID:[The REACH registry: baseline and 1-year results]. 1963 31

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing at an alarming rate in the United States and other Western countries, due in part to an increased incidence of diabetes, which itself appears to be a direct consequence of the obesity epidemic in modern society. Hypertension, a condition that also results from or is exacerbated by excess body weight, remains an important cause of CKD as well. In patients with CKD, anemia is both a common occurrence and a significant risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality, especially from cardiac complications such as coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and congestive heart failure. Correction of anemia in patients with CKD is associated with demonstrated benefits, including a reduction in hospitalization and per-patient healthcare expenditures. In this article, Dr Wish describes the magnitude of the population with, or at risk for, CKD in the United States and examines data on the risks associated with anemia, particularly in patients with comorbid conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Practical issues related to the treatment of anemia in patients with CKD are also presented.
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PMID:Management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. 1966 81

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in people with spinal cord injury (SCI), yet little is known about the prevalence of the disorder and how risk factors for CVD, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity, differ compared with the able-bodied population. Additionally, limb loss, an underappreciated topic in the setting of SCI, is a frequent complication of SCI, and may be related to CVD, either directly, as undiagnosed peripheral vascular disease, or indirectly, as a consequence of diabetes or obesity. This article briefly reviews the topics of dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity in SCI and discusses the management of limb loss for individuals with SCI.
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PMID:Cardiovascular disease in persons with spinal cord dysfunction-an update on select topics. 1978 9

Well leg compartment syndrome is rare after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. We report a 68-year-old man that developed compartment syndrome after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. There are several circumstantial risk factors associated with LRP that, when combined, may potentially predispose to the development of compartment syndrome, including: obesity, evidence of peripheral vascular disease (advanced age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus), thromboembolism prophylaxis with compressive leg wraps together with intermittent pneumatic devices, combined general-spinal anesthesia, prolonged operative time in Trendelenburg position, and systemic hypotension due to intraoperative bleeding. The pathogenesis of this serious complication is discussed and preventive measures are highlighted.
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PMID:[Combined risk factors leading to well-leg compartment syndrome after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy]. 1990 Mar 89

Although the clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, appear from middle age, the process of atherosclerosis can begin early in childhood. The early stage and progression of atherosclerosis in youth are influenced by risk factors that include obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking, and by the presence of specific diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and Kawasaki disease (KD). The existing evidence indicates that primary prevention of atherosclerotic disease should begin in childhood. Identification of children at risk for atherosclerosis may allow early intervention to decrease the atherosclerotic process, thereby preventing or delaying CVD. This review will describe the origin and progression of atherosclerosis in childhood, and the identification and management of known risk factors for atherosclerotic CVD in children and young adults.
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PMID:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. 2011 46


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