Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and end-stage renal failure are high in South Asian migrants in the UK. This is associated with high prevalence of diabetes and hypertension. These seem to be manifestations of a metabolic syndrome with insulin resistance (hyperinsulinaemia) and central obesity (based on high waist-to-hip ratio rather than on conventional measures of body mass index). This is associated with sedentary lifestyle, high serum triglycerides and low HDL-cholesterol. Mortality from stroke and end-stage renal failure are high in black migrants to the UK (both Caribbeans and West Africans). However, CHD mortality is low in this group. This pattern of mortality is associated with high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes. This group tends to be obese (particularly women) according to conventional measures of body mass index and to have hyperinsulinaemia, low serum triglycerides and high HDL-cholesterol. Conventional risk factors such as cigarette smoking and hypercholesterolaemia are less prevalent in ethnic minority populations in the United Kingdom and unlikely to explain the differences seen between groups, although each risk factor is likely to contribute to the variation in vascular disease within each group. There is difficulty in reconciling the results of migration studies (eg, from rural to urban environments) pointing to major environmental influences on the changes in cardiovascular risk factors with the consistent pattern of disease of ethnic groups across the world and in subsequent generations, suggesting a certain degree of genetic susceptibility. Important environment-gene interplays might be underlying some of these processes. The detection and management of hypertension and diabetes are still unsatisfactory in inner city areas and show variations by ethnic origin. Strategies for the control of CHD and stroke adopted in European countries directed mostly to white populations may be inappropriate for ethnic minority populations.
...
PMID:Ethnicity and cardiovascular risk: variations in people of African ancestry and South Asian origin. 936 74

The main goal of the treatment for hypertensive vascular disease is to reduce the morbidity and mortality that follow the disease. In the patient with heart disease, the choice of antihypertensive treatment will depend on several factors, all of which must be considered prior to it: type of cardiopathy and complications, pharmacokinetics of the drug-selected and its side effects, interactions with specific treatment for the main heart disease, positive or negative interactions with risk factors and, finally, its prognostic benefits. In the present study we briefly analyze this considerations in relation to different diseases such as ischemic heart disease, ventricular dysfunction (hypertrophy, systolic and diastolic dysfunction), heart rhythm disorders (sinus node dysfunction, supraventricular and ventricular ectopies), vascular pathology (cerebral and peripheral vasculopathy) and risk factors (diabetes, dyslipemia, obesity). Based on this considerations, several recommendations are done in order to choose the best antihypertensive drug in such cardiovascular diseases.
...
PMID:[How to choose and adequate antihypertensive drug depending on the type of the existing heart damage?]. 941 89

The prevention of coronary artery disease is based on the control of several factors associated with a disease or clinical condition and suspected to play a pathogenetic role, defined as 'risk factors'. Smoking is a powerful risk factor for coronary artery disease, with risk of events increasing in relation to the number of cigarettes smoked daily. Smoking cessation is associated within 3-4 years, with a significant reduction in cardiovascular risk. Hyperlipidaemia is a powerful predictor of coronary disease with a strong, independent, continuous and graded positive association between cholesterol levels and risk of coronary events. Several large studies have shown the benefit of cholesterol reduction, and there is clear evidence of the efficacy of statins in the reduction of events in primary and secondary prevention. Hypertension is a significant, strong and independent risk factor for coronary artery disease morbidity and mortality and the reduction of events and mortality by antihypertensive treatment is well documented. Obesity is associated with an increase in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, with a particularly high risk for subjects with central obesity. Central obesity is also part of the so-called 'metabolic X syndrome' including insulin resistance, which appears to be associated with a particularly high risk of coronary artery disease. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in women. Several studies have shown that good metabolic control and multifactorial risk factor reduction significantly lower the coronary risk in these patients. Recent evidence is accumulating that some clotting factors (fibrinogen, factor VII, von Willebrand factor) and fibrinolytic factors (t-PA and PAI-1) are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. The European Concerted Action on Thrombosis (ECAT) showed that the levels of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor antigen, and t-PA antigen are independent predictors of subsequent coronary syndromes in patients with angina pectoris, and that low fibrinogen is associated with a low risk of events despite high cholesterol levels. Post-menopausal status is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease, particularly when menopause is premature (before the age of 45) or abrupt (surgical). There is strong, thought not yet completely definite evidence that post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy may significantly reduce the risk of events and improve survival. Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an emerging risk factor independently associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, cerebral vascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease. The administration of vitamin B6, B12 or folate seems to be useful and is currently under further evaluation. Recently, attention has been focused on the correlation between coronary artery disease and genetic factors, such as ACE gene polymorphism or the gene polymorphism for the IIIa-moiety of the platelet fibrinogen receptor IIb-IIIa. In primary prevention, control of the major risk factors mainly in patients with clustered factors will substantially reduce the risk of ischaemic events. Secondary prevention of CHD is based on: aggressive behavioural advice, blood pressure reduction in hypertensives, good metabolic control of diabetes, and cholesterol reduction. Aspirin, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and oral anticoagulants, may be useful in selected patients.
...
PMID:Classical risk factors and emerging elements in the risk profile for coronary artery disease. 951 44

The increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the Mohawk Community of Akwesasne led to the formation of an advisory group who's mission was to increase community awareness and strengthen the infrastructure necessary to create a community coalition to promote healthy lifestyles. The methodology used to reach these goals included: obtaining an understanding of the community's knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about diabetes, diet and exercise using semi-structured interviews and focus groups; analyzing data from a case control study of diabetes and it complications using a medical record review; exploring methods for evaluating energy expenditure in children; and identifying influential community members and organizations. In the last 50 years people had become less physically active and high fat, high caloric foods were more available. Community members were concerned about health and the well-being of their children, had knowledge about healthy lifestyles but lacked confidence and social support for bringing about desired changes. A strong association was documented between diabetes, smoking cigarettes, high blood cholesterol and vascular disease in this community. Approximately 100 persons participated, several hundred received the results in presentations to 17 community organizations, two public fora, letters to participants and articles in local newspapers. Fifty persons and 29 businesses or organizations regarded as strong advocates of healthy lifestyles were identified. From these a community coalition was formed and has initiated programs to reduce dietary fat and increase physical activity in young children.
...
PMID:A Native American community initiative to prevent diabetes. 952 90

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis in humans. The development of an animal model that displays accelerated atherosclerosis associated with NIDDM will aid in elucidating the mechanisms that associate these disorders. C57BL/6 mice may provide such a model system. This strain becomes obese, hyperglycemic and insulin resistant when fed a high fat diet (diabetogenic diet) and is susceptible to atherosclerotic lesion development when fed a separate high fat diet containing cholesterol and bile acids (atherogenic diet). This report tests whether a diet commonly used to induce atherosclerosis also provokes a diabetic phenotype and whether a diet used to induce diabetes provokes the development of aortic fatty streak lesions. Mice of strains C57BL/6, C3H/He, BALB/c and seven recombinant inbred (RI) strains were fed an atherogenic diet for 14 weeks and glucose parameters were measured. No correlation was observed between atherosclerosis susceptibility and fasting insulin or glucose levels, or glucose clearance following short-term insulin or glucose treatment. Analysis of the RI strains suggested that multiple genes control these glucose metabolic parameters. Feeding the diabetogenic diet for 14 weeks to C57BL/6 mice induced obesity and diabetes and 2-fold increases in plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Also, small aortic sinus lipid deposits were observed in 40% of the mice. Thus, analysis of the diabetogenic diet fed C57BL/6 mouse may provide an important tool for further studies of diabetes accelerated vascular disease.
...
PMID:C57BL/6 mice fed high fat diets as models for diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. 954 27

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) affects approximately 12 million people in the United States. NIDDM is frequently found to coexist with other conditions, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and hypertension, which contribute to morbidity and mortality. Although the major clinical objective in the management of NIDDM is to control hyperglycemia, the long-term objective is to prevent microvascular and macrovascular complications. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in NIDDM patients. Although hyperglycemia may be adequately controlled, risk factors for coronary heart disease may remain unchanged. Treatment with metformin controls hyperglycemia and may have positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors. When used alone or in combination with sulfonylureas, metformin tends to stabilize or decrease weight, maintains or reduces insulin levels, has beneficial effects on plasma lipid profiles, and may also have beneficial effects on blood pressure and the fibrinolytic system.
...
PMID:Metformin: effects on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 955 89

Diabetes mellitus and particularly non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) increases the risk for all manifestations of: (a) atherosclerotic vascular disease; (b) coronary heart disease (CHD); (c) cerebrovascular disease; and (d) peripheral vascular disease. NIDDM is known to be associated with several adverse cardiovascular risk factors, including: (i) hypertension; (ii) obesity; (iii) central obesity; (iv) hyperinsulinemia; and (v) serum lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities, characterized mainly by elevated serum total triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review will discuss the prevalence of hypertension in NIDDM, the role of hypertension to increase the risk for macrovascular complications in NIDDM and finally trial evidence for the beneficial effect of blood pressure lowering in patients with NIDDM.
...
PMID:Hypertension and macrovascular disease--the killing fields of NIDDM. 964 57

Diabetes mellitus is a strong risk factor for all manifestations of atherosclerotic vascular disease, coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetes can be classified into two main subtypes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). This review focuses only on NIDDM. Also, in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), a precursor stage of diabetes, the risk of macrovascular disease is substantially increased. NIDDM and IGT are known to be associated with several adverse cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, obesity, central obesity, hyperinsulinemia and serum lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities, characterized mainly by elevated serum total triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Practically no information is available on the role of different cardiovascular risk factors to predict macrovascular complications in subjects with IGT. The role of different cardiovascular risk factors with respect to the risk of CHD, stroke and peripheral vascular disease will be discussed.
...
PMID:Epidemiology of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. 969 44

We screened 597 newly-diagnosed diabetic patients (201 women) mean +/- SD age 42.3 +/- 6.2 years to determine the prevalence of diabetic complications; 22% presented because of symptoms of diabetes, 27% were diagnosed when hyperglycaemia was discovered at a health screening, and 36% were diagnosed while being treated for intercurrent illness. Neuropathy was present in 25.1%, nephropathy in 29%, retinopathy in 15%, coronary vascular disease in 21%, stroke in 5.6%, peripheral vascular disease in 4.8%, hypertension in 23%, obesity in 16%, central obesity in 21.3%, hypercholesterolaemia in 11%, hypertriglyceridaemia in 14%, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 12%. The prevalence of coronary vascular disease, hypertension, stroke, neuropathy and retinopathy at the time of diagnosis were higher in our patients than in Caucasian and Indo-Asian patients in the UK. Both a genetic predisposition to develop complications, and exposure to a longer duration of asymptomatic hyperglycaemia due to poor access to adequate health care, may contribute to the high frequency of complications at diagnosis. Since complications are already present at diagnosis, there is a case for implementing primary prevention programmes combined with screening for diabetes in high-risk groups.
...
PMID:Long-term complications in newly diagnosed Sri Lankan patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 970 62

Hyperlipidaemia is one of the most frequent metabolic disorders after heart transplantation (HTx). The significance of hyperlipidaemia is stressed mainly in relation to graft vascular disease (GVD) which is the leading cause of death more than one year after transplantation. Recently the evidence on the role of hyperlipidaemia (HLP) in the pathogenesis of GVD is growing. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TAG) HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) were analysed cross-sectionally in 35 patients (30 males), aged 20-64 (median 40) years, more than one year after HTx. In 25 patients HTx was performed because of dilated cardiomyopathy (D-KMP), in 10 because of coronary artery disease (CAD). TC more than 5.6 mmol/l was detected in 29 (83%), TAG > 2.3 mmol/l in 15 (43%), LDL-C >3.6 mmol/l in 28 (80%) and HDL-C < 1.4 mmol/l in 25 (75%) of patients. There were no statistically significant differences in evaluated parameters found between the groups of patients operated on because of CAD and D-CMP, with and without glucose tolerance disorder and groups treated with higher (> 5 mg/D) and lower (.5 mg/D) dose of prednisone. Significant linear correlation of body mass index (BMI) and TAG or BMI and HDL/C resp. was confirmed. Pathogenesis of HLP after HTx is complex. Except of obesity, no unambiguous evidence of the role of glucose tolerance disorder or prednisone dose in immunosuppressive treatment were found. (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 21.)
...
PMID:[Hyperlipoproteinemia in patients after heart transplantation]. 991 72


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---