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Yugimahamuni was one among the greatest siddhars and has matchless contribution towards enrichment of Siddha system. In his Vaidya Chinthamani-800, he has written clearly about 4448 names of the diseases, its signs, symptoms and prognosis. Under the heading - "Meganoikal," he has elaborated twenty varieties of the urinary disorders based on the physical characters of urine. But the general signs and symptoms of 'Meganoikal' described by Yugi clearly indicate that many of these characteristics are of diabetic in nature. Under the sub-heading 'avasthaikal', Yugi accurately described certain sufferings experienced by the patients of 'Meganoikal'. It is quite interesting to note that those ten types of sufferings he has listed out, starting from obesity ending in Tuberculosis are comparable with the acute and long term complications of diabetics, and hence this analogue.
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PMID:Yugi's pramegam and diebetes mellitus: an analogue. 1258 94

By the turn of the last century, flying in the face of over a hundred years of research and clinical observation to the contrary, medicine abandoned the link between infection and atherogenesis; not because it was ever proven wrong, but because it did not fit in with the trends of a medical establishment convinced that chronic disease such as heart disease must be multifactorial, degenerative and non-infectious. Yet it was the very inability of 'established' risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and smoking to completely explain the incidence and trends in cardiovascular disease that resulted in historically repeated calls to search out an infectious cause, a search that began more than a century ago. Today, half of US heart attack victims have acceptable cholesterol levels and 25% or more have none of the "risk factors" associated with heart disease, including smoking, high blood pressure or obesity, most of which are not inconsistent with being caused by infection. Even the case of the traditionalist's latest 2003 JAMA assault to 'debunk' what they call the "50% risk factor myth" falls woefully short under scrutiny. In one group 30% died of heart disease with a cholesterol of at least 240 mg/dl, a condition which also existed in 21% who did not die during the same period. And the overlap was obvious throughout the so-called risk categories. Under such scrutiny, lead author Greenland conceded that if obesity, inactivity and elevated cholesteriol in the elderly are included, just about everyone has a risk factor and he likened the dilemma of people who do or do not wind up with heart disease akin to the susceptibility of people who are exposed to tuberculosis but do not get the disease. In Infections and Atherosclerosis: New Clues from an old Hypothesis? Nieto stressed the need to extend the possible role of infectious agents beyond the three infections which have in recent years been the focus of research: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobactor pylori. Mycobacterial disease shares interesting connections to heart disease. Not only is tuberculosis the only microorganism to depend on cholesterol for its pathogenesis but CDC maps for cardiovascular disease bear a striking similarity to those of State and regional TB case rates. Ellis, Hektoen, Osler, McCallum, Swartz, Livingston and Alexander-Jackson all saw clinical and laboratory evidence of a causative relationship between the mycobacteria and heart disease. And Xu showed that proteins of mycobacterial origin actually led to experimental atherosclerosis in laboratory animals Furthermore present day markers suggested as indicators for heart disease susceptibility such as C-Reactive Protein (CRP), interleukin-6 and homocysteine are all similarly elevated in tuberculosis. It therefore behooves us to explore the link between heart disease and typical and atypical tuberculosis.
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PMID:Heart disease: the greatest 'risk' factor of them all. 1508 5

Opportunistic diseases (OD) are still the most common cause of death in patients with HIV infection. The occurrence of OD is the most important single prognostic factor for survival. While in the pre-HAART era, many patients died of the wasting syndrome, today, ever more patients suffer from obesity and its consequences. Tuberculosis is widespread among those affected with HICV, and when treating it must be remembered that tuberculostatic agents and antiretroviral drugs interact with cytochrome P450. Until recently, the combination of rifampicin with protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors was contraindicated. Now, however, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has updated its recommendations for treatment.
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PMID:[Opportunistic diseases--current aspects in 2004]. 1537 44

Systematic thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis of apolar lipids in Mycobacterium kansasii revealed the presence of a previously uncharacterized novel component. The product was ubiquitously found in a panel of M. kansasii clinical isolates, as well as other pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial species. TLC analysis of [(14)C]-acetate- or [(14)C]-glycerol-labelled M. kansasii cultures tentatively assigned the novel product as an unusual triacylglycerol-related lipid. Subsequent purification, followed by structural determination using (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray mass spectrometry (ES/MS), led to the identification of this product as a monomeromycolyl-diacylglycerol (MMDAG). Treatment of M. kansasii with either isoniazid (INH), a well-known type II fatty acid synthase (FAS-II) and mycolic acid biosynthesis inhibitor, or tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), a drug approved for treating obesity, correlated with a reduced incorporation of [(14)C]-acetate into both mycolic acids and MMDAG. Addition of INH or THL to the cultures induced major morphological changes and, surprisingly, resulted in an increased number of lipid storage bodies, as determined by electron microscopy. The potent antimycobacterial activity of THL was confirmed against a variety of mycobacterial species, including INH-susceptible and -resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Therefore, THL and other beta-lactones may be promising drugs for the development of new antitubercular therapy.
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PMID:Identification and structural characterization of an unusual mycobacterial monomeromycolyl-diacylglycerol. 1609 Oct 48

Fifty years ago, American Indian and Alaska Native children faced an overwhelming burden of disease, especially infectious diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis, hepatitis A and B, and gastrointestinal disease. Death rates of American Indian/Alaska Native infants between 1 month and 1 year were much higher than in the US population as a whole, largely because of these infectious diseases. The health care of American Indian/Alaska Native patients was transferred to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1955 and placed under the administration of an agency soon to be known as the Indian Health Service. The few early pediatricians in the Indian Health Service recognized the severity of the challenges facing American Indian/Alaska Native children and asked for help. The American Academy of Pediatrics responded by creating the Committee on Indian Health in 1965. In 1986 the Committee on Native American Child Health replaced the Committee on Indian Health. Through the involved activity of these committees, the American Academy of Pediatrics participated in and influenced Indian Health Service policies and services and, combined with improved transportation, sanitation, and access to vaccines and direct services, led to vast improvements in the health of American Indian/Alaska Native children. In 1965, American Indian/Alaska Native postneonatal mortality was more than 3 times that of the general population of the United States. It is still more than twice as high as in other races but has decreased 89% since 1965. Infectious diseases, which caused almost one fourth of all American Indian/Alaska Native child deaths in 1965, now cause <1%. The Indian Health Service and tribal health programs, authorized by the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1976 (Pub L. 93-638), continue to seek American Academy of Pediatrics review and assistance through the Committee on Native American Child Health to find and implement interventions for emerging child health problems related to pervasive poverty of many American Indian/Alaska Native communities. Acute infectious diseases that once were responsible for excess morbidity and mortality now are replaced by excess rates resulting from harmful behaviors, substance use, obesity, and injuries (unintentional and intentional). Through strong working partnerships such as that of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Indian Health Service, progress hopefully will occur to address this "new morbidity." In this article we document the history of the Indian Health Service and the American Academy of Pediatrics committees that have worked with it and present certain statistics related to American Indian/Alaska Native child health that show the severity of the health-status disparities challenging American Indian/Alaska Native children and youth.
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PMID:Forty years in partnership: the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Indian Health Service. 1701 14

Metabolic and immune systems are very important for a living organism to survive. Since they play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis, both systems work interdependently. In metabolic disorders like obesity and related diseases, lot of reports have been published about immune system impairment. In addition, in the case of malnutrition and calorie restriction, immune system is affected through several mechanisms. Different from the current point of view, I propose an unusual way of thinking about the relationship between immune and metabolic systems. The nutrient-based ecosystemic balance; the simple desires and rules like feeding or reproduction underlying very complex relations among species; the beneficial effects of caloric restriction; and the similarities between the pathways contributing obesity and infection made me look from a different perspective. Based on ecology and systems thinking, the present hypotheses suggest that pathologic organisms could be a kind of dietary source for lymphoid cells. If it is true, it will bring new and hopeful insights to all events related to metabolic and immune systems. At first, new mechanisms could be improved to defeat unbeatable organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis or HIV. The unphagocytosed organisms could be unknown tastes for our body's defenders. For example, the lymphoid cells could be classified as virovores, bacterivores, or fungivores like herbivores, and carnivores. Secondly, this basic relation could be used to solve huge problems caused by obesity related disorders like diabetes, because insulin would play more important roles for lymphoid cells while regulating the blood glucose level if the hypothesis is true. And the persistence of hyperglycemia would mainly effect lymphoid cells according to the current hypothesis.
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PMID:Could pathogens be nutrients for lymphoid cells? 1744 12

Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein that scavenges haemoglobin in the event of intravascular or extravascular haemolysis. The protein exists in humans as three main phenotypes, Hp1-1, Hp2-2 and Hp2-1. Accumulated data on the protein's function has established its strong association with diseases that have inflammatory causes. These include parasitic (malaria), infectious (HIV, tuberculosis) and non-infectious diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity) among others. Phenotype-dependent poor disease outcomes have been linked with the Hp2-2 phenotype. The present review brings this association into perspective by looking at the functions of the protein and how defects in these functions associated with the Hp2 allele affect disease outcome. A model is provided to explain the mechanism, which appears to be largely immunomodulatory.
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PMID:Haptoglobin, inflammation and disease. 1848 67

Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) is the treatment of choice for patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure. Since the middle of the 1980's, the number of cases under HMV has markedly increased. Presently, at our centre (n=176 patients), obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (36%), and COPD (21%) are the most frequent indications for HMV. Classical indications such as sequellae of tuberculosis, or poliomyelitis, kyphoscoliosis, or neuro-muscular diseases, represent 25% only of our HMV population. Bi-level pressure support ventilators have replaced the volumetric ventilators used in the 80's in most situations. A specialized team of nurses monitors closely at home clinical evolution, and compliance, gathering an important amount of clinical data, and allowing the early detection of clinical deterioration.
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PMID:[Follow-up of patients with home mechanical ventilation: experience in Geneva, Switzerland]. 1912 96

Tuberculosis (TB) control in many ways exemplifies evidence-based public health practice, rigorously implemented, with appropriate emphasis on the central importance of political support for success. With more than 30 million patients treated in the past decade, TB control has important implications for managing both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Simple diagnostic tests, meticulously proven standardized treatment regimens with assured drug supply, supportive case management and a superb information system that tracks the progress of every patient, all facilitate effective program implementation. TB control shows that public health programs, including those that require long-term treatment in the primary care system, can be effective in poor countries; however, TB rates are heavily influenced by the social, environmental and epidemiologic context, emphasizing that treatment is not enough and that socio-economic factors may be more important determinants of epidemiologic trends than treatment programs. TB control is effective when it combines two essential components: a practical, implementable, proven technical package, and political commitment. Political commitment is also essential to implement other interventions that can improve health, including healthier air, water and food, as well as programs to prevent or reduce tobacco smoking, cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity and other growing public health problems. By implementing evidence-based practices, ensuring operational excellence, using information systems that facilitate accountability and evaluation, and obtaining and maintaining political support, we can address the public health challenges of the twenty-first century.
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PMID:Lessons from tuberculosis control for public health. 1933 45

Management of women's health seldom includes cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in spite of CVD being the most common cause of death in females being even more common than cancer, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined. According to the World Heart Federation, CVD is indisputably the most serious, neglected health problem for women in both the developing and the developed worlds. A possible reason may be that CVD has traditionally been perceived as a 'man's illness'. Since 6 out of 10 deaths from CVD can be prevented, it is of utmost importance that there is more general awareness about CVD in women. The most important factors for developing CVD are dyslipidaemia, hypertension, smoking, stress, diabetes, obesity (especially abdominal fat distribution), physical inactivity, poor eating habits and possibly excessive alcohol intake. Some unique risk factors for CVD exist in women; of which older age at presentation is a major one as they are more likely to suffer from co-morbidities such as diabetes and hypertension.
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PMID:Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. 1940 46


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