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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study of 3451 cholesterol determinations in different diseases was carried out. The mean cholesterol levels for male and female adults and children with different diseases were compared with values for their healthy counterparts. Sickle cell anemia, leukemia, liver cirrhosis, hepatosplenomegaly, tuberculosis, and diabetic, nutritional, ataxic, and tropical neuropathies in male and female adults were associated with reduced cholesterol level while in children malnutrition and anemia were the main causes of low cholesterol levels. Obesity and hypertension caused an elevated level but the mean values were within the range for adult Nigerians in the high income group. Only nephrotic syndrome in both adult and children was associated with a markedly increased cholesterol level in Nigerians of low income status.
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PMID:Serum cholesterol and diseases in Nigerians. 50 76

Breast-feeding contributes significantly toward the physical and psychological well-being of infants and health professionals should encourage mothers to breast-feed whenever possible. Nutritional advantages of breast milk include 1) a low sodium to potassium ratio; 2) an appropriate fat content; 3) optimal absorption rates for each compositional factor; and 4) high taurine levels which may promote nerve cell growth. Breast-fed infants are less likely to suffer from infant obesity than bottle fed infants. Most investigators agree that human milk affords the infant protection against infections; however, some diseases may be transmitted from the mother to the infant by breast feeding. Breast-feeding enhances the psychological well-being of both the mother and the child and strengthens the emotional bond between them. Breast feeding is contraindicated 1) for infants with phenylketonuria, rare amino acidurias, and galactosemia; 2) for infants whose mothers have diseases such as infectious tuberculosis and venereal disease; and 3) for infants whose mothers are taking medications which might be harmful to the infant. A history of breast cancer in the mother's family does not contraindicate breast-feeding. Hyperbilirubinemia in breast-fed infants can generally be prevented by the prompt initiation of breast-feeding following delivery and by providing the infant with frequent feedings throughout each 24 hour period. Infants with cleft palates can be breast-fed if they are fitted with a dental prosthesis. The threat of breast milk contamination by environmental pollutants is insignificant for most women in the U.S. Unless the mother has been exposed to an abnormally high level of chemical pollution, she need not worry about breast milk contamination.
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PMID:Breast-feeding and infant health. 52 12

Preventive medicine perhaps achieved its earliest and most complete successes in the field of pediatrics. Work on the problems of main concern in the last third of the century has reached a stage where preventive medicine has virtually mastered those of nutrition and infection in our countries. The current problems are malformation, accidents, and suicide, and this has meant a major shift of interest for preventive activity. In some fields, prevention-detection of neonatal affections takes place in the prenatal period: here, the pediatrician joins hands with the geneticist and the obstetrician. In other fields, such as accident prevention, the pediatrician's role is of particular importance to the authorities, industry, and the family. Finally, and this is new, the pediatrician is responsible for the prevention of diseases occurring in the adult. His role in this was a matter of course in nutritional diseases such as malnutrition and rickets, and in infections such as tuberculosis. It is assuming increasing importance in the detection and prevention of certain risk factors and common affections of the adult such as obesity, hypertension and atheroma.
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PMID:[Current aspects and prospects of preventive pediatrics in France]. 65 40

Two cases of tuberculous infections occurred after intestinal shunt operations for obesity among 161 patients observed for more than one year. One died of generalized tuberculosis. Another 2 patients, who before the operation had had tuberculosis, managed well without signs of postoperative activation of the tuberculous infection seems to be unpredictable.
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PMID:Tuberculosis after intestinal bypass operations. 69 53

The association of tuberculosis after gastrectomy is well documented. Two case reports of tuberculosis developing after jejunoileal bypass for massive obesity are presented, with a review of five previously reported cases. Four of the seven reported patients had tuberculosis infection at extrapulmonary sites. Initial symptoms included fever and acceleration of weight loss. The mean time elapsed from the time of the operation to the diagnosis of tuberculosis was 16 months. Guidelines are given for monitoring patients undergoing jejunoileal bypass with tuberculin skin tests. Indications for isoniazid prophylaxis and multiple drug chemotherapy are given. Serum concentrations of oral antituberculosis drugs must be monitored to ensure adequate absorption.
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PMID:Onset of tuberculosis after intestinal bypass surgery for obesity. Guidelines for evaluation, drug prophylaxis, and treatment. 90 68

One hundred patients who underwent jejunoileal bypass for obesity were followed for a mean period of 2 1/2 years. Four patients developed a clinical illness that resembled a systemic form of tuberculosis during the first postoperative year. This incidence exceeds that found in the general population by sixtyfold. Any patient with jejunoileal bypass who develops an illness with accelerated weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, and unexplained fever with chills should be suspected of having tuberculosis. Aggressive diagnostic measures are required. Treatment with isoniazid and ethambutol at usual doses can be successful, but blood levels should be measured to confirm adequacy until additional information becomes available.
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PMID:Tuberculosis after jejunoileal bypass for obesity. 92 Oct 87

Cardiovascular disease is the third most common cause of death in Tshepong Hospital in the western Transvaal, and the most common cause of death in patients older than 35 years. A prospective study was undertaken which included limited necropsies in 90 of the 167 cardiovascular disease deaths over 1 year. A reliable mortality pattern for cardiovascular deaths is described. Additionally, attention is paid to co-existing conditions. Conditions relating to cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, benign hypertensive nephrosclerosis, atherosclerosis and obesity, were also evaluated. Cerebrovascular conditions were found in 32% of cardiovascular deaths. Intracerebral haemorrhage was found in 50% and cerebral infarction in 29% of cases. Fifty-seven per cent of cardiovascular deaths were due to cardiac conditions, the most common being pulmonary hypertension (31%), dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic rheumatic valvular disease (17% each) and hypertensive heart disease (14%). Forty-nine per cent of subjects were hypertensive, while 40% exhibited benign nephrosclerosis and only 3% of the examined vessels had signs of severe atherosclerosis. Tuberculosis was present in 13% of cases. The clinical diagnosis was the same as the final necropsy diagnosis in 38% of cases. These results emphasise the importance of performing necropsies to obtain reliable mortality statistics.
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PMID:Cardiovascular causes of death at Tshepong Hospital in 1 year, 1989-1990. A necropsy study. 173 52

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique with the effect of the stand and intramuscular injection technique on the severity of discomfort and lesions at the injection site. The subjects of the study were 20 patients with only early tuberculosis excluding another abnormalities (a skin rash, allergy to topical use of alcohol, jaundice, edema, neurosensory abnormality, coagulation defects, obesity and thin). Data collection was done from Feb. 1 to March 15, 1988 by means of Korean Pain Measurement Tool, Visual Analogue Scale, and Objective measures of injection site lesions. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Hypothesis 1; "The severity of subject discomfort is less following administration of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administration injection technique." was not supported. 2) Hypothesis 2; "The degrees of severity subject discomfort is less following administration of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administration of the standard intramuscular injection technique." was not supported. 3) Hypothesis 3; "The severity of injection sites lesions is less following administration of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administration of the standard intramuscular injection techniques." was not supported. 4) The terms that were selected included factor II (mild-moderate pain) of Ratio Scale Measuring Pain using Korean Pain Terms. In conclusion; it was found that there was not a difference from the severity of subject discomfort between two groups, but the degrees of severity of subject discomfort about following administration of the Z-track intramuscular injection was tended to be declined. Therefore further studies suggest that the Z-track intramuscular injection technique can decrease the severity of discomfort in persons receiving frequently intramuscular injections. First of all, it is necessary to be developed an effect tool of dis comfort measurement for the intramuscular injection in Korean.
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PMID:[Comparison of two intramuscular injection technics on the severity of discomfort and lesions at the injection site]. 323 Jul 58

A survey of Hereros, Kavangos and Bushmen living in the rural districts of South West Africa/Namibia was undertaken in order to assess their dietary intakes, nutritional status and disease patterns. The results showed that Hereros were taller and heavier, with the highest incidence of obesity (15-30%) and hypertension. Their diet consisted chiefly of refined maize meal supplemented with sour milk, and their blood lipid levels were generally lower than Western standards. The diet of Kavangos, based on homeground millet supplemented with fish and fresh vegetables, was better balanced. However, malnutrition was more common particularly in hospital patients where 40% had infective disease. Finally, the diet of Bushmen was extremely poor consisting of whatever was available (generally maize meal) and excessive use of home-brewed alcohol. The majority were malnourished and 73% of those hospitalised had tuberculosis. The blood lipid levels of Bushmen and Kavangos were exceptionally 'favourable' by Western standards but associated with chronic malnutrition. The survival of Bushmen in modern society is a matter of grave concern.
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PMID:Nutritional status, dietary intake and disease patterns in rural Hereros, Kavangos and Bushmen in South West Africa/Namibia. 337 28

Dr. Grayson (February 21, p. 445) asks about changes in vital statistics of 3rd world populations as they develop. Of African populations, those in Johannesburg and other large South African cities, while still in transition, have now reached a relatively high level of sophistication. Their health pattern is likely to be that of other African countries as they prosper. The (IMR) infant mortality rate of blacks in Soweto, Johannesburg, is about 40/1000 live births, although nearer 30 in the regularly employed elite. This figure is similar to that for blacks in New York in 1965 and for class 5 persons in the United Kingdom. Small-town dwellers have higher IMRs and in rural areas the rates are higher still although they are decreasing everywhere. Family size is decreasing; in urban areas the average family has 3-4 children and the elite have 2-3. In Johannesburg during the 1960s, the birth rate was about 40/1000 and it is now 25. While the rate is higher in rural areas, it is falling. In the very young, gastroenteritis with or without malnutrition is still the leading cause of sickness and death in both urban and rural areas. Rates are however decreasing. Deficiency diseases, especially pellagra, remain a health problem in some areas. Tuberculosis still continues to be a major hazard although it is being dealt with. With the rise in socioeconomic status and associated changes in diet and lifestyle, obesity, especially in urban areas and especially among women, is becoming very prominent. Hypertension is more common and is the leading cause of natural death among urban dwellers. The toll from coronary heart disease and noninfective bowel disease remains inexplicably low, but diabetes is only somewhat less prevalent than it is among whites. Changes in cancar pattern and rates are slight; however, esophageal cancer in men and cervical cancer in women are the main causes of concern in the urban centers and some rural areas. Rising alcohol consumption is a major problem with its ramifications in pancreatic, liver, and heart problems. Cigarette smoking is now as common as among whites. Because of low rates for most degenerative diseases, blacks have, at middle age, a life expectancy exceeding that of whites. As sections of the 3rd world population prosper, the IMR decreases enormously as does family size. However, infections and malnutrition among the very young and tuberculosis in older groups remain important problems. Among adults, rises occur in some degenerative diseases but not in others, and diseases linked with hypertension and alcohol consumption have become formidably common, as they have in other developing and developed countries.
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PMID:Third World policies and realities. 611 Sep 78


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