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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ambulatory measurements are increasingly used to evaluate the effects of different aspects of lifestyle on blood pressure. Such measurements provide greater statistical power than casual measurements and are particularly useful for assessing diurnal variations, 24-hour load and variability, and both acute and sustained effects of common behaviours. Concomitant heart rate and biochemical and genetic measurements can provide clues as to the mechanisms underlying the effects of lifestyle on blood pressure in different target populations. The information obtained is proving helpful in evaluating actions and interactions of smoking, alcohol, physical activity, caffeine consumption, various types of psychological stress, obesity, and dietary habits.
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PMID:Role of automated measurements in understanding lifestyle effects on blood pressure. 1204 Feb 43

A number of clinical studies have demonstrated significant positive correlation between the severity of arterial hypertension (AHT) and whole blood viscosity. Red blood cell aggregation has also been associated with AHT especially in the severe form of the disease. The main possible cause of increased red blood cell aggregation is fibrinogen which can be found in a significantly higher concentration in patients with AHT than in healthy controls. On the other hand, blood pressure reduction with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, calcium-channel-blocking agents, beta or alpha-receptor blocking drugs leads to a significant improvement of blood rheology. It can be presumed that abnormal hemorheology and AHT are not directly linked but they share the same inductive genetic and/or environmental factors like obesity, chronic mental stress, physical inactivity and cigarette smoking. Regarding this hypothesis, the appropriate question is not whether hemorheological factors are causes or results of AHT but what their common origins are. Further studies are needed to clarify this hypothetical link between hemorheology and AHT.
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PMID:Hemorheology and hypertension: not "chicken or egg" but two chickens from similar eggs. 1208 55

Anthropologists interested in human nutrition have become intrigued by the possibility of a link between nutritional status, fat stores, and fertility. Frisch (1978) and Frisch and McArthur (1974) have hypothesized such a link, based on studies of body composition at menarche and menstrual dysfunction in anorectics. This review indicates that both over- and undernutrition may interfere with reproductive function, but probably do so only when extreme. Evidence for fat as a regulator of fecundity is conflicting and is best documented for age at puberty. Effects of fat on birth interval (a demographically more significant parameter) are confounded by the influence of lactation. A review of hormonal and metabolic patterns in obesity and inanation indicate similarities between these conditions and general or psychological stress. It is suggested that fat is better seen as an indicator of systemic function than as a single independent factor. The adaptive value of fat for human populations may lie in its ability to enhance work performance as much as in its influence on fecundity.
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PMID:Fat and fertility: demographic implications of differential fat storage. 1226 46

The cost of health care continues to rise in the face of an apparently insatiable demand. Unless the actual need for health care can be reduced to manageable levels, the financial burden will probably become economically unacceptable. Although some illnesses are unavoidable, others that are largely due to unhealthy lifestyles are preventable. Circulatory diseases, diabetes and some cancers, which are major causes of morbidity and mortality in western societies, are strongly linked to physical inactivity, psychological stress, unhealthy eating, obesity and smoking. There is ample evidence that promotion of healthy lifestyles, including physical activity, healthy eating and non-smoking, are effective for the primary and secondary prevention of these diseases. Although there are examples of successful public health programmes that have encouraged more healthy lifestyles and reduced the burden of disease, we need to be much more effective in putting theory into practice. In order to improve the health of the nation and to prevent the economy being overwhelmed by the increasing demand for health care, we need a change of mindset from a consumerist approach to an acceptance of personal and corporate responsibility for more healthy lifestyles. Widespread collaboration among health care agencies, private and public utilities, the entertainment industry and the communications media will be necessary in order to provide the necessary incentives for lifestyle changes.
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PMID:The rising cost of health care: can demand be reduced through more effective health promotion? 1242 91

The influence of the "shukko" (temporary transfer) work system on health was examined. "Shukko" is a Japanese individual work system. The life-time employment system was general in Japan. "Shukko" work system was devised to reduce the number of personnel in Japan. "Shukko" personnel belong to their present company but they must do the work of another company. Generally, the disadvantages of "shukko". Personnel are greater than in former "shukko" The subjects are 483 office workers in a certain industrial company. 143 workers work in a subsidiary of this company (Age: 42.2 +/- 5.5) (strategic shukko group), 30 workers work in the other company, having resigned their administrative post in the head office (55.6 +/- 2.1) (Demotion by the manager shukko group), and 310 workers work in the head office of this company (41.8 +/- 5.2) (head office working group). The medical examination results (degree of obesity, systolic blood pressure (SBP), GPT, GGTP, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), uric acid (UA), electrocardiography (ECG), and gastrography were compared by mean of multiple regression analysis. In the "Demotion by the manager shukko" group, the average age and SBP were higher than in the other groups. (p < 0.0001). The "strategic shukko" group was compared with the "head office working" group. There is no significant difference in average age. The average SBP (p < 0.001) and FBS (p < 0.0001) of the "head office working" group was significantly higher than those of the "strategic shukko" group. ECG findings were more serious in the "Demotion by the manager shukko" group than in the other groups (p < 0.0001). There is a significant correlation between SBP and "degree of obesity, FBS and UA" (p < 0.0001). There is significant correlation between FBS and "GGTP, SBP, UA, GPT and TG" (p < 0.0001). And there is significant correlation between ECG findings and "working form and SBP" (p < 0.05). The prevention and early diagnosis of geriatric diseases is important for the "Demotion by the manager shukko" group, and their average age is older than that of the other groups. A problem with the head office working group is obesity. In this group it is important to take into consideration life related diseases. The workers complaint a lot in the "strategic shukko" group, but there are no abnormal findings. We think that their complaints are due to their mental stress. In this group measuring mental stress is important.
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PMID:[Investigation of the health condition of the "shukko" person in a certain Japanese company]. 1251 34

A wide variety of stresses are prevalent in the environment that could change the course and phenotypic expression of metabolic diseases. Amongst the various stresses the oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the disease progression through free radical generation and may lead to various metabolic disorders such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension obesity, stroke, etc. Psychological stress has been implicated as a root cause of several psychosomatic disorders. Thus there cannot be a life without stress. Under such a scenario of stressful conditions further fueled by life style changes we propose to counteract any kind of stress by another milder form of stress that is likely to protect the cells from drastic effects of severe stress. Here we hypothesize that the beta-cells of islets of Langerhans can be protected from the diabetogenic insults and oxidative stress by inducing a protective stress response such as heat shock through dietary interventions.
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PMID:Can stress provide protection to pancreatic beta-cells and prevent diabetes? 1258 12

In addition to conventional risk factors, environmental and occupational strain is an actor of the development and evolution of cardiovascular diseases. In industrialised countries, cardiovascular mortality is inversely correlated with the socio-economic level and type of occupation. In the French Ihpaf study, systemic hypertension and obesity were correlated with the socio-economic level. Among possible explanations for the importance of occupational environment, psychological stress at work, sedentary jobs, passive smoking and shift working may all play a role. Thus, beyond the conventional approach to individual risk factor management, it appears necessary to consider cardiovascular prevention through collective actions taking into account occupational environment.
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PMID:[Social and professional factors, occupational environmental strain and cardiovascular diseases]. 1260 30

This article describes research on fishermen's health and sleeping habits in Iceland. It presents the first findings of the project that were presented in October 2002 at a conference that was organized during Seamen Safety Week in Iceland. It covers physical and mental stress symptoms, sleep disturbance, and obesity, as well as fishermen's own reaction to their health and well-being. Take notice that the findings that are presented in this article can be found in a report presented in August, when the whole study will be finished. Finally, it is concluded how successful the response has been and how the project can be used positively with other studies. It is also noted that, in fact, these findings will be used for further studies linked to safety on board.
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PMID:The relationship between fishermen's health and sleeping habits. 1475 7

There is increasing evidence that an ongoing cytokine-induced acute-phase response (sometimes called low-grade inflammation, but part of a widespread activation of the innate immune system) is closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and associated complications such as dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Elevated circulating inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 predict the development of type 2 diabetes, and several drugs with anti-inflammatory properties lower both acute-phase reactants and glycemia (aspirin and thiazolidinediones) and possibly decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (statins). Among the risk factors for type 2 diabetes, which are also known to be associated with activated innate immunity, are age, inactivity, certain dietary components, smoking, psychological stress, and low birth weight. Activated immunity may be the common antecedent of both type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis, which probably develop in parallel. Other features of type 2 diabetes, such as fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression, are likely to be at least partly due to hypercytokinemia and activated innate immunity. Further research is needed to confirm and clarify the role of innate immunity in type 2 diabetes, particularly the extent to which inflammation in type 2 diabetes is a primary abnormality or partly secondary to hyperglycemia, obesity, atherosclerosis, or other common features of the disease.
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PMID:Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. 1498 10

The brain occupies a special hierarchical position in the organism. It is separated from the general circulation by the blood-brain barrier, has high energy consumption and a low energy storage capacity, uses only specific substrates, and it can record information from the peripheral organs and control them. Here we present a new paradigm for the regulation of energy supply within the organism. The brain gives priority to regulating its own adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration. In that postulate, the peripheral energy supply is only of secondary importance. The brain has two possibilities to ensure its energy supply: allocation or intake of nutrients. The term 'allocation' refers to the allocation of energy resources between the brain and the periphery. Neocortex and the limbic-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) system control the allocation and intake. In order to keep the energy concentrations constant, the following mechanisms are available to the brain: (1) high and low-affinity ATP-sensitive potassium channels measure the ATP concentration in neurons of the neocortex and generate a 'glutamate command' signal. This signal affects the brain ATP concentration by locally (via astrocytes) stimulating glucose uptake across the blood-brain barrier and by systemically (via the LHPA system) inhibiting glucose uptake into the muscular and adipose tissue. (2) High-affinity mineralocorticoid and low-affinity glucocorticoid receptors determine the state of balance, i.e. the setpoint, of the LHPA system. This setpoint can permanently and pathologically be displaced by extreme stress situations (chronic metabolic and psychological stress, traumatization, etc.), by starvation, exercise, infectious diseases, hormones, drugs, substances of abuse, or chemicals disrupting the endocrine system. Disorders in the 'energy on demand' process or the LHPA-system can influence the allocation of energy and in so doing alter the body mass of the organism. In summary, the presented model includes a newly discovered 'principle of balance' of how pairs of high and low-affinity receptors can originate setpoints in biological systems. In this 'Selfish Brain Theory', the neocortex and limbic system play a central role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as anorexia nervosa and obesity.
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PMID:The selfish brain: competition for energy resources. 1517 62


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