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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eight studies that examined the relation between snoring and vascular disease were identified. The prevalence of habitual snoring, measured by questionnaire or interview, varied from 3% to 29% of adults and was dependent on age, sex, obesity, and smoking habit. In men, habitual snoring was associated with hypertension and ischaemic heart disease, with adjusted relative risks in the range 1.3-2.0. For women, only one study provided adjusted estimates of relative risk, which were 2.8 for hypertension and 1.2 for angina. Adequately adjusted relative risks for cerebrovascular disease have not been reported, but unadjusted estimates varied from 1.6 to 10.3. These studies had several limitations, including the lack of a standard definition of snoring, the use of unvalidated questionnaires, and failure to account for confounding variables and the possibility of reporting bias. Only one study was prospective. Epidemiological criteria for a causal association between snoring and vascular disease have not been satisfied. The apparent excess risk is probably due to the consequences of sleep apnoea rather than snoring itself.
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PMID:Is snoring a cause of vascular disease? An epidemiological review. 256 56

A grossly obese (149 kg) man with the sleep apnea syndrome was found to have proteinuria and a supernormal glomerular filtration rate. Renal histology showed glomerulomegaly and focal glomerulosclerosis. It is suggested that obesity may induce glomerular hyperfiltration and in turn glomerulosclerosis.
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PMID:Proteinuria, glomerulomegaly and focal glomerulosclerosis in a grossly obese man with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. 259 Jan

We studied the influence of hypoxia due to sleep apnea on testosterone (T) secretion. It was conducted on the basis of an idea that sustained hypoxia may depress T secretion. The subjects consisted of 15 male patients with no drug administration whose complaints were snoring and/or obesity. The subjects participated in a sleep study on two consecutive nights. During the first night we collected blood samples starting every 4 hours from 10 PM via a catheter and measured T. From the data of the second night, we calculated total desaturation time with more than 4% from the baseline SaO2. According to the amount of this desaturation time, the subjects were divided into 2 groups; desaturation time less than 80 min in group 1 and longer in group 2, respectively. The peak value was seen at 6 AM in group 1 and at 10 AM in group 2. We investigated the correlation between the ratio of T10/T6, which is the ratio of T level at 10 AM to that at 6 AM, and parameters of sleep disorders related to oxygen desaturation. Total 4% desaturation time in total sleep period and non REM period significantly correlated with this ratio. From the diagram illustrating the correlation between the ratio and total 4% desaturation time in total sleep period, we could assume that if the ratio is beyond 1, the subject may have had more than about 80 min of total 4% desaturation time.
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PMID:[Prediction of the degree of nocturnal oxygen desaturation in sleep apnea syndrome by estimating the testosterone level]. 261 9

Sleep apnea syndrome is a condition characterized by recurrent interruption of breathing during sleep. Triad of symptoms for the disease are insomnia, daytime sleepiness and snoring. Recently, the patients complained of these symptoms have progressively increased. And so serious attention has been given to investigate the entity of this new clinical syndrome in medical and dental aspects. Three types of sleep apnea are classified; central, obstructive and mixed type. Most of patients identified this syndrome include obstructive or mixed types of sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea has been presumed to have close relationships with obesity, micrognathia, retrognathia, tonsillary hypertrophy, tongue hypertrophy and so on. This study was designed to evaluate the characteristics of the dentofacial morphology in the obstructive, included mixed, sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) patients. The samples consisted of 25 adult male patients (average age of 48 years 2 months) with OSA as diagnosed by the division of respiratory disease, department of internal medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital. One lateral radiographic cephalogram with the teeth in occlusion and the recording of somatic measurements, body weight and height, were obtained for each patient at visiting our orthodontic clinic. On the lateral cephalograms of whole samples, 10 angular and 6 linear measurements were carried out. Simultaneously, the body mass index (BMI) was assessed for each patient. Based on the cephalometric and somatometric measurements, the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea was discussed in association with the obesity and dentofacial morphology. Results were summarized as follows: 1. The body mass index (kg/m2) ranged between 21.0 to 45.7, with a mean value of 31.0 for OSA patients. Of whom, 3 patients were mildly obese (25 or more of BMI) and 12 patients severely obese (exceeding 30 of BMI). 2. Compared with normal control samples, the means of cephalometric variables of whole samples showed the tendency of micrognathia, large gonial angle, protruded maxilla and large cranial base. 3. By principal component analysis, it was revealed that the components for the shape and position of the mandible were of more importance in OSA patients than controls. 4. Discriminatory analysis clarified significant differences in dentofacial morphology between 12 obese and 13 non-obese patients. 5. The dentofacial morphology in non-obese patients were characterized by retrognathia, micrognathia, large gonial angle and small maxilla. In accordance with previous reports, the patients with OSA were presented the tendency of obesity and micrognathia. Furthermore it was revealed that particularly in non-obese OSA patients the morphological abnormalities might be the major contributor to the pathogenesis of sleep apnea.
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PMID:[Dentofacial morphology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients]. 264 Sep 22

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective therapy for sleep apnea. We treated 144 patients with nasal CPAP and observed them for periods of as long as 25 months. No pneumothoraces occurred in any patient. Compliance rates were between 65% (90/139) and 83% (90/108), depending on the patient population considered. Demographic factors unrelated to discontinuing using CPAP included age, sex, and the presence of a housemate. Better-educated patients were less able to tolerate the equipment. Dry throat and nose and sore eyes were the most common side effects, but only sore eyes related to the amount of pressure. Side effects were unrelated to the number of months on the treatment, and obesity was related to higher pressures. Our study provides optimistic intermediate-term follow-up observations of patients on nasal CPAP therapy for sleep apnea. Whether adverse consequences occur over longer periods of time remains to be seen.
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PMID:Compliance and side effects in sleep apnea patients treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. 265 26

This paper reviews the epidemiological literature on the linkage between sleep apnea and essential hypertension. Despite the large number of case reports, general overviews and the wide acceptance of this linkage, surprisingly, only four epidemiological articles were identified. The prevalence of sleep apnea among hypertensives ranged between 26% and 47.8% (mean = 33.6%) across the studies as compared to the estimated prevalence of 0.4% to 1.4% in the general population. There seem to be no consistently replicated risk factors for apnea amongst hypertensives, although older age, relative obesity, and severity of hypertension have been suggested as possible markers for this co-morbidity. The findings require further replication with special efforts at studying: (1) unmedicated hypertensive patients; (2) patients without significant cardiac or renal complications; and (3) patients across a broad range of age, obesity, and severity of hypertension.
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PMID:Sleep apnea and essential hypertension: a critical review of the epidemiological evidence for co-morbidity. 268 Jan 71

We studied the influence of lung volumes on apnoea-induced desaturation in ten subjects with sleep apnoea syndrome. Lung volumes were measured by helium dilution in the sitting and supine position and closing volume with the single-breath nitrogen washout test. To characterize the severity of apnoea-induced desaturations, we determined a desaturation curve for each patient. This curve was obtained by plotting the fall in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) reached at the end of each apnoea against the apnoea duration. From this curve we selected two indices: 1) the SaO2 fall following 30 s of obstructive apnoea (delta SaO2 30); and 2) the desaturation surface between 10-30 s of obstructive apnoea (DS 10-30). Both the delta SaO2 30 and the DS 10-30 were significantly correlated with the expiratory reserve volume (ERV), measured in the sitting (r = 0.77 and 0.65, respectively; p less than 0.05) and the supine positions (r = 0.96 and 0.87; p less than 0.005). A strong correlation was also observed with the difference between the supine ERV and the seated closing volume CV) (r = 0.99 with delta SaO2 30 and 0.89 with DS 10-30; p less than 0.005). Obesity influenced sitting and supine ERV values. We conclude that, among lung volumes, supine ERV and supine ERV-seated CV are the best indicators of the severity of apnoea-induced desaturation.
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PMID:Role of lung volumes in sleep apnoea-related oxygen desaturation. 270

Obstructive sleep apnea is frequently found in middle-aged men. Usually, these patients are obese and therefore predisposed to hypertension. This study aimed to elucidate the relationships between hypertension, obesity and obstructive sleep apnea in 48 men suffering from sleep apnea. Hypertension was found in 39 of them (= 81%), 27 patients (= 56%) were morbidly obese (Broca index above 125%), 17 patients (= 36%) were moderately obese (Broca index between 100 and 125%) and 4 patients (= 8%) showed normal weight (Broca index below 100%). Severity of sleep apnea did not correlate with obesity or hypertension. Patients with sleep apnea who were hypertensive were significantly (p less than 0.025) more obese than those with normal blood pressure. Compared with an unselected population showing a similar degree of obesity, patients with obstructive sleep apnea showed a higher prevalence of hypertension and this is independent of age. These findings establish sleep apnea as a risk factor for hypertension.
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PMID:[Obstructive sleep apnea--a risk factor for arterial hypertension]. 271 93

To examine the hypothesis that the tendency to raised blood pressure in snorers is associated with nocturnal hypoxaemia and snoring, blood pressure was measured and snoring, oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO2), and thoraco-abdominal movements were monitored overnight in 372 snorers. Snoring was quantified as number of snores per hour of sleep (snoring index). The data were analysed by multiple linear regression of diastolic blood pressure against age, body mass index (BMI), apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI, number of episodes per hour), snoring index, and SaO2. Diastolic blood pressure correlated significantly with BMI, AHI, and mean nocturnal oxygen saturation, but not with the snoring index. However, snoring index correlated with BMI, AHI, and mean nocturnal oxygen saturation. Snoring is thus not a direct risk factor for hypertension, but may influence blood pressure via its association with obesity, obstructive sleep apnoea, and nocturnal hypoxaemia.
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PMID:Determinants of blood pressure in snorers. 290 95

Napoleon would sleep very little. He frequently woke up during night and worked. Brief sleeping time in day repaired his fatigue. He had also a short and thick neck. In the last fourth of his life he progressively suffered from obesity, daily involuntary sleepiness and his intellectual capabilities undoubtedly decreased. Our experience of 48 cases of sleep apnea syndrome diagnosed by mean of polysomnography allow no to think that Napoleon suffered from this disease. Historical consequences of this pathology is discussed.
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PMID:[Did Napoleon suffer from sleep apnea syndrome?]. 304 29


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