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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is a need for reeducation of the population, especially in developed countries, as to the value of cereals in the diet. Cereals provide calories and important nutrients to the diet. Refined cereal products and unrefined cereals have certain advantages and disadvantages. With refinement, some nutrients and fiber are removed, but the body is better able to make use of certain nutrients. Essential nutrients are being replaced through fortification to compensate for losses in processing. The high fiber content of unrefined cereal products is believed to aid in the prevention of certain diseases. Special dietary bakery products have been introduced for the treatment of conditions generally exacerbated by standard food items. The increased consumption of cereal products appears warranted as a means of decreasing the saturated fat and cholesterol consumption. Cereals and cereal products have been mentioned in connection with allergies, celiac disease, schizophrenia, obesity, dental caries, cancer, atherosclerosis, goiter, and diverticulosis. This review discusses the possible role of cereals in the prevention or cause of these health problems.
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PMID:The nutritional and physiological impact of cereal products in human nutrition. 33 51

Heart transplant programs were surveyed regarding psychosocial evaluation process, criteria, and outcomes. There was considerable disagreement among programs when a patient is rejected on psychosocial grounds with regard to the use of second opinions and how often patients are informed of the reasons. Wide discrepancies in criteria used and rates of patients refused on psychosocial grounds were discovered. More than 70% of all programs excluded patients for transplantation on the grounds of dementia, active schizophrenia, current suicidal ideation, history of multiple suicide attempts, severe mental retardation, current heavy alcohol use, and current use of addictive drugs. Lack of consensus was found for some exclusion criteria (cigarette smoking, obesity, noncompliance, recent alcohol or drug abuse, criminality, personality disorder, mild mental retardation, controlled schizophrenia, and affective disorder). The proportion of patients rejected for transplantation on psychosocial grounds ranged from 0% to 37%, with an average rate of 5.6% in the United States and 2.5% in non-U.S. programs. This survey thus supports the need for research on the validity and reliability of psychosocial selection criteria.
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PMID:Psychosocial evaluation of heart transplant candidates: an international survey of process, criteria, and outcomes. 175 61

In seventy-two patients affected by hyperphagic obesity and forty age-matched, normal weight volunteers we performed a psychological assessment, through various mental tests, and evaluated the beta-endorphin (B-Ep), ACTH and cortisol circulating levels, in basal condition and following an overnight short dexamethasone suppression test (DST). The hormones were measured by radioimmunoassay either directly in the serum (cortisol) and the plasma (ACTH), or after affinity gel column chromatography (B-Ep). In obese subjects B-Ep levels in basal conditions were four times greater than in normal weight controls and showed significantly less reduction after DST. ACTH and cortisol levels, in contrast, were in the normal range and were suppressed following dexamethasone as was also true in the control group. Psychological evaluation on M.M.P.I. (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) revealed a trend toward hypochondria, depression, hysterias, psychoasthenia and schizophrenia. However, no significant correlation has been found between M.M.P.I. clinical scale scores and circulating levels of B-Ep and cortisol either in basal conditions or after DST. In conclusion, these data do not support the hypothesis that abnormalities of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in hyperphagic obesity are related to affective disorders.
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PMID:Hyperendorphinemia in obesity is not related to the affective state. 196 3

Alprazolam is the product of the incorporation of the triazolo ring into the benzodiazepine structure. More than 90% of alprazolam is absorbed after an oral dose; the absorption rate is dose independent. After a single oral dose of 0.5 to 3 mg of alprazolam, peak plasma concentrations of 7 to 40 ng/ml are reached at 0.7 to 2.1 hours after administration. Factors such as liver and kidney disease, smoking, age, sex, and obesity have minimal effects on alprazolam pharmacokinetics. A review of alprazolam-drug interactions revealed few that were clinically significant, except that cimetidine and oral contraceptives reduce alprazolam clearance and increase its half-life. The mechanisms of action of alprazolam are reviewed. Its anxiolytic effect is similar to that of other benzodiazepines, but the basis of its other effects is less clear. Like other benzodiazepines, it has a good ratio of efficacy to side effects; its most common side effect, mild sedation, occurs early in treatment. The potential of dependence to and abuse of alprazolam and its toxicity are similar to that of other benzodiazepines. Finally, alprazolam's therapeutic role as an anxiolytic and anti-depressant and its use in the management of panic attacks, agoraphobia, schizophrenia, cancer, the premenstrual syndrome, and anxiety and as a cardioprotective agent are assessed.
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PMID:The pharmacology of alprazolam: a review. 202 16

1. CCK-peptides are distributed throughout the whole brain with the exception of the cerebellum. 2. There is strong evidence that they act as neuromodulators on the noradrenergic, opioid and mainly dopaminergic system. 3. CCK reduces food-intake. However, tolerance occurs, when chronically given. Thus, potential benefits in the treatment of obesity seem unlikely. 4. CCK increases threshold and tolerance to electrically and thermally induced cutaneous pain. CCK yields relief of pain in colic and ischaemic pain. 5. To date, results about CCK-content in CSF and post-mortem-brain in various psychiatric and neurological diseases related to the dopaminergic system are equivocal. 6. Treatment studies do not provide evidence for beneficial effects of CCK-peptides in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Cholecystokinin. 307 40

The article reports upon the characteristics of 300 abortion applicants in Arkansas manifesting significant stress from unwanted pregnancy between May 1, 1970 and June 30, 1971. The sample is limited by the fact that all of these women had been willing to seek medical aid. Patients ranged from ages 13-47, 131 of them ages 17-21. 35% had had some college education; another 29% were high school graduates. 50.6%, 20.6%, and 27.3% were single, divorced, and married, respectively. 59.6% of the patients were primiparas. 18.3%, 9.6%, and 12.3% were classified as being neurotic, having psychophysiologic tendencies (gastrointestinal problems, obesity, chronic headaches), and having sociopathic features (passive-aggressive, frankly rebellious, delinquent, antisocial, alcoholic), respectively. 12 women had noticeable schizoid features; 4 women had mildly active schizophrenia. Fathers of the women were usually blue-collar workers (55.3%) or white-collar workers (24.6%). The most frequent ordinal sibling position among the women was oldest child (38%). Parental instability (1 or both parents lost through death, divorce, father usually away working, chronic alcoholism, etc.) was reported by 39.6% of the patients. Patients' attitudes toward the unwanted pregnancy included dislike of inexpediency of the situation (82.6%), self-depreciation (55.6%), and aversion (28.6%). Precipitated psychiatric disorders were for the greatest part mild. Manifesting symptoms included depression (66.7%), anxiety (21%), and mixed anxiety and depression (12.2%). Suicidal threats and gestures were made by 22 and 8 patients, respectively. In summary, the study reveals a group of predominantly Caucasian women from unstable, middle-class urban families who were going through an adjustment reaction to adolescence or adult life.
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PMID:Abortion applicants in Arkansas. 426 12

We report a null mutation in the first exon of the human dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. The mutation is predicted to result in a truncated non-functional protein and is the first natural nonsense mutation found in a human dopamine receptor gene. It occurs with a frequency of about 2% in the general population. The distribution of the mutation was found to be similar in healthy controls and patients suffering from psychiatric diseases which included schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder and Tourette's syndrome, indicating that heterozygosity for this mutation in the DRD4 gene is not causally related to major psychiatric diseases. We also identified an adult male who is homozygous for this mutation. He shows no symptoms of major psychiatric illness, but he displays somatic ailments including acousticous neurinoma, obesity and some disturbances of the autonomic nervous system. Some of these symptoms might be related to the absence of functional DRD4 protein.
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PMID:Human dopamine D4 receptor gene: frequent occurrence of a null allele and observation of homozygosity. 788 21

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in a large number of psychophysiological processes including the regulation of mood, arousal, aggression, sleep, learning, nociceptions, nerve growth and importantly, appetitive functions. Alterations of 5-HT receptor activity have been shown to occur in many psychiatric diseases including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, schizophrenia etc. Hence, genetic variation in genes coding for serotonin receptor proteins might well be involved in the genetic predisposition to these diseases and therefore are of great pharmacogenetic relevance. Knockout mice deficient of a functional 5-HT2C receptor have implicated a potential role of this receptor subtype in the serotonergic control of appetite. A Cys23Ser mutation in the human 5-HT2C receptor gene discovered recently prompted us to investigate this mutation with regard to the development of human obesity. We have evaluated this mutation in 241 obese children and adolescents (mean BMI > or = 97th percentile), 80 normal weight children (BMI 5th-85th percentile) and 92 underweight probands (BMI < or = 15th percentile) for a possible association with obesity. The frequencies of the mutant allele in all three weight groups (obese subjects: 0.1597; normal weight: 0.168; underweight: 0.1575) were very similar. Association as well as linkage studies were negative. Therefore it is unlikely that this receptor mutation plays a direct role in the development of human obesity.
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PMID:Evaluation of a Cys23Ser mutation within the human 5-HT2C receptor gene: no evidence for an association of the mutant allele with obesity or underweight in children, adolescents and young adults. 920 Jun 73

With recent advances in DNA technology, questions have arisen as to how this technology should be appropriately used. In this article, results obtained from a survey designed to elicit attitudes of college students to prenatal testing and gene therapy for human attributes and psychiatric conditions are reported. The eleven hypothetical disease phenotypes included schizophrenia, alcoholism, tendency toward violent behavior, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression requiring medical treatment, obesity, involvement in "dangerous" sports activities, homosexuality, borderline normal IQ (80-100), proportional short stature, and inability to detect perfect pitch. Most students supported prenatal genetic testing for psychiatric disorders and behavior that might result in harm to others (i.e., tendency towards violent behavior) and found prenatal genetic testing for human attributes less desirable. However, the lack of unilateral agreement or disagreement toward any one condition or attribute suggests the potential difficulties ahead in the quest for guidelines for the application of new technologies available to manipulate the human genome.
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PMID:Attitudes of young adults to prenatal screening and genetic correction for human attributes and psychiatric conditions. 951 72

Obesity and overweight are clearly associated with many serious conditions, including type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. Excess weight also increases the risk of death. Recent evidence suggests that weight gain itself, even if persons remain within the "normal" weight range, also increases the risk of medical illnesses and premature death. Persons who gain 5.0 to 7.9 kg (11 to 17.3 lb) as adults are 1.9 times more likely to develop type II diabetes mellitus and 1.25 times more likely to develop coronary heart disease than those who lose weight or maintain a stable weight after age 18 years. Gaining 11 to 20 kg (24.2 to 44 lb) or more in adulthood increases the risk of ischemic stroke 1.69 to 2.52 times. The relationship between weight gain and breast cancer has been difficult to study, primarily because postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy can mask the effect of weight gain on cancer risk. Accordingly, weight gain in adulthood has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer only among women who have never used hormone replacement therapy. In addition to its adverse effects on disease outcomes, weight gain also impairs physical functioning, reduces quality of life, and is associated with poor mental health. These psychological and mental health consequences of weight gain can become an added burden for patients with schizophrenia and other mental disorders.
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PMID:Physical and psychological consequences of weight gain. 1054 35


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