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 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nutrition plays a vital role in the recovery, health, and life expectancy of transplant recipients. Because the medical problems differ between the acute recovery and chronic maintenance phases following transplantation, nutrient requirements and nutrition therapies are unique and distinctly different between these 2 periods. Nutrition therapy during the acute post-transplant phase is aimed at promoting healing. Nutrition and pharmaceutical therapies during the long-term post-transplant phase are intended to prevent and treat common problems such as obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and osteoporosis. Nutrition goals and therapies should be individualized based on the specific complications each patient experiences.
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PMID:Diet therapy for organ transplantation. A problem-based approach. 938 30

Approximately 30% of postmenopausal white women in the United States have osteoporosis, and 16% have osteoporosis of the lumbar spine in particular. Bone density of the spine is positively associated with greater height and weight, older age at menopause, a history of arthritis, more physical activity, moderate use of alcoholic beverages, diuretic treatment, and current estrogen replacement therapy, whereas later age at menarche and a maternal history of fracture are associated with lower levels of density. Low bone density leads to an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures. Fracture risk also increase with age. Vertebral fractures affect approximately 25% of postmenopausal women, although the exact figure depends on the definition used. Recent data show that vertebral fracture rates are as great in men as in women but, because women live longer, the lifetime risk of a vertebral fracture from age 50 onward is 16% in white women and only 5% in white men. Fracture rates are less in most nonwhite populations, but vertebral fractures are as common in Asian women as in those of European heritage. Other risk factors for vertebral fractures are less clear but include hypogonadism and secondary osteoporosis; obesity is protective of fractures as it is of bone loss. Compared with hip fractures, vertebral fractures are less disabling and less expensive, costing approximately $746 million in the United States in 1995. However, they have a substantial negative impact on the patient's function and quality of life. The adverse effects of osteoporotic fractures are likely to increase in the future with the growing number of elderly people.
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PMID:Epidemiology of spinal osteoporosis. 943 38

The midwife needs to be aware of current guidelines for nutritional monitoring, including those in Healthy People 2000, to provide primary care screening for nutritional factors that affect the health status of women. This article reviews the relationship between dietary habits and specific health concerns, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, osteoporosis, cancer, and diabetes; special attention is paid to high-risk groups. It also examines the relationship between improved nutritional status and the reduction of the major causes of morbidity in women.
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PMID:Nutritional concerns in women's primary care. 943 39

Progressive deficits in the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor I axis may contribute to the acquired biochemical, body composition, and functional changes of normal human aging, but they do not offer a sole, or even a major explanation for these changes. The concept that GH "replacement" would materially benefit the daily function of older men and women finds little support in the results of the controlled clinical trials that have been reported. GH, either as monotherapy or in combination with antiresorptive medication, does not offer a clinically useful improvement in bone mass, and it is difficult to find a rationale for its use in the treatment of osteoporosis. GH may yet prove to be a useful agent for older men and women in the management of other clinical syndromes, such as visceral obesity, but conclusions in this area await compelling evidence. For the time being, potential benefits of GH in older men and women must be viewed with skepticism, and use of this agent outside the context of a clinical trial is not justified.
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PMID:Growth hormone as therapy for older men and women. 959 48

Human and some other primates are unique since their adrenals secrete large amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEA-S), which are converted into androstenedione (4-dione) and then into potent androgens and estrogens in peripheral tissues, therefore providing autonomous intracrine control to target tissues that can adjust the formation and metabolism of active sex steroids according to local requirements. Knowledge in this area has recently made rapid progress with the elucidation of the structure of most of the tissue-specific cDNAs and genes that encode the steroidogenic enzymes responsible for the transformation of these inactive precursor steroids into androgens and/or estrogens. It is estimated that 30 to 50% of total androgens in men are synthesized in peripheral intracrine tissues from inactive adrenal precursors while, in women, peripheral estrogen formation is even more important, the best estimate being 75% before menopause and 100% after menopause. The marked reduction in the formation of DHEA-S by the adrenals during aging, especially before the age of 50 years, results in a dramatic fall in the formation of active sex steroids in peripheral target tissues, a situation which is thought to be associated with a long series of age-related decreases such as insulin resistance, obesity, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, loss of muscle mass, cancer and other diseases. We have demonstrated for the first time a series of medically important beneficial effects of DHEA administered for 12 months to post-menopausal women. Most interestingly, the bone mineral density significantly increased. This relatively rapid change was associated with an increase in plasma osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, while a decrease in bone resorption reflected by a decrease in urinary hydroxyproline excretion was observed in parallel. In addition, the estrogenic stimulation of vaginal cytology in the absence of any sign of stimulatory effect on the endometrium is also of potentially major interest for the prevention and management of menopause. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of DHEA on the growth of human breast cancer xenografts in vivo in nude mice supports the beneficial use of DHEA as hormone replacement therapy in women.
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PMID:DHEA and the intracrine formation of androgens and estrogens in peripheral target tissues: its role during aging. 961 95

Fructan is a general term used for any carbohydrate in which one or more fructosyl-fructose link constitutes the majority of osidic bonds. This review focuses on the fate of inulin-type fructans (namely native chicory inulin, oligofructose produced by the partial enzymatic hydrolysis of chicory inulin, and synthetic fructans produced by enzymatic synthesis from sucrose) in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as on their systemic physiological effects on mineral absorption, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, hormone balance, and nitrogen homeostasis. The scientific evidence for the functional claims of inulin-type fructans is discussed, as well as their potential application in risk reduction of disease, namely constipation, infectious diarrhea, cancer, osteoporosis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, obesity, and non-insulin dependent diabetes.
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PMID:Dietary fructans. 970 21

Sedentary lifestyle has officially been recognized as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In addition, exercise can be beneficial in detecting, preventing, and managing prevalent disease states such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, nicotine addiction, diabetes mellitus, affective disorders, cancer, osteoporosis, and age-related declines in muscular strength. Recent findings are discussed and recommendations for appropriate exercise prescriptions are offered.
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PMID:Exercise is medicine: health benefits of regular physical activity. 970 95

The social nutrition status was investigated among 246 subjects aged 60-90 living at three urban communities in Chengdu of Sichuan Province. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate socio-demographic background, the subjects' nutrition knowledge, and the support systems for geriatric nutrition. Fasting venous blood was collected for the analysis of biochemical parameters. Blood pressure, bone mineral contents (BMC), body weight (BW) and body height (BH) were measured at the same time. Only 49.7% of the subjects correctly answered four basic questions on nutrition. Food patterns for the elderly were simple and modest. Several nutrition-related disorders for the elderly were including high systolic blood pressure (44.6%), hypertriglyceridemia (25.9%), high diastolic blood pressure (25.1%), obesity (24.5%), high PBG (20.6%), emaciation (19.9%), high FBG (17.9%) and osteoporosis (16.8%). These data indicate that the support systems for the geriatric nutrition will have to be improved.
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PMID:A survey of social nutrition status of the elderly in the urban area of Chengdu, Sichuan Province. 986 87

The main role of diet is to provide enough nutrients to meet the requirements of a balanced diet, while giving the consumer a feeling of satisfaction and well-being. The most recent knowledge in bioscience supports the hypothesis that diet also controls and modulates various functions in the body, and, in doing so, contributes to the state of good health necessary to reduce the risk of some diseases. It is such an hypothesis which is at the origin both of the concept of 'functional food' and the development of a new scientific discipline of 'functional food science'. In the context of this paper the potential 'functional foods' to be discussed are the prebiotics and the synbiotics. The prebiotics developed so far are the non-digestible oligosaccharides and especially the non-digestible fructans among which chicory fructans play a major role. The chicory fructans are beta (2-1) fructo-oligosaccharides classified as natural food ingredients. They positively affect various physiological functions in such a way that they are already or may, in the future, be classified as functional food ingredients for which claims of functional effects or of disease risk reduction might become authorized. They are classified as prebiotic and have been shown to induce an increase in the number of bifidobacteria in human faecal flora. As part of a synbiotic-type product, they are already bifidogenic at a dose of 2.75 g/d and the effect lasts for at least 7 weeks. The other potential functional effects are on the bioavailability of minerals, but also, and more systemically, on the metabolism of lipids. Potential health benefits may concern reduction of the risk of intestinal infectious diseases, cardiovascular disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and cancer. However, except for the prebiotic effect, and tentatively the improvement of calcium bioavailability, the evidence to support such effects is still missing in humans though hypotheses already exist to justify nutrition studies.
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PMID:Prebiotics and synbiotics: concepts and nutritional properties. 992 84

In this article, the authors analyze the pathological alterations which women suffer in which menopause is assumed to be a risk factor leading to the outbreak of these pathologies. Taken together, all of these alterations present some clear nutritional considerations; therefore, adequate dietetical care, followed by women during this phase, could help in their prevention and control. These alterations are: osteoporosis, obesity, arterial hypertension, arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
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PMID:[Complications of menopause. Nutritional implications]. 1002 7


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