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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

As is obvious from the previous discussions, obesity is associated with a wide variety of changes in endocrine parameters (Table 1). Some of these changes, such as the reduction in SHBG without change in serum free testosterone levels, reflect merely laboratory abnormalities that may influence interpretation of diagnostic tests but have no important physiologic relevance. Other abnormalities have major clinical impact, such as hyperestrogenemia-endometrial carcinoma and hyperlipidemia-coronary artery disease. In some cases, endocrine changes in obesity are beneficial--that is, hyperestrogenemia leading to lower incidence of osteoporosis. In other cases, such as the profound suppression of growth hormone output in obesity, the physiologic relevance is unknown. Several endocrine changes in obesity, such as the impaired response of many hormones (growth hormone, prolactin, vasopressin, corticotropin) to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and elevated endorphin levels, suggest hypothalamic dysfunction. Furthermore, the failure of all of these abnormalities to be normalized after weight reduction raises the possibility of an underlying disorder leading to both endocrine dysfunction and obesity, rather than the endocrine dysfunction being simply a consequence of the obesity. Successful elucidation of the pathogenesis of obesity, which might then lead to much needed specific treatment modalities, may be advanced if we can solve some of these puzzles.
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PMID:Endocrine aspects of obesity. 264 1

This study was designed to assess the effects of smoking on bone mass and bone loss and to ascertain whether these effects are independent of effects on adiposity and hormone concentrations. A total of 84 healthy, peri- and postmenopausal women were studied prospectively over 3 1/2 years. Heavy smokers had significantly (p less than 0.05) lower radial and vertebral bone mineral content than light or nonsmokers (who did not differ from each other). In regression models, which contained measurements of obesity, pack-years smoking remained a significant predictor of bone mass. However, there were no detectable effects of smoking on rates of bone loss at any site. Smokers appear to be at greater risk of osteoporosis due to their lower bone mass. However, this reduced bone mass is already present around the time of menopause, and rates of bone loss during this period do not appear to be influenced by smoking. Furthermore, we have previously shown in this population that menopausal serum estrogen concentrations (which determine rates of bone loss) do not differ between the smokers and nonsmokers. Further studies of larger groups are required to determine whether small differences in bone loss may exist, since the power to detect such differences was not ideal in this study.
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PMID:Cigarette smoking, obesity, and bone mass. 281 18

Recent studies of vegetarian diets and their effects on morbidity and mortality are reviewed. Vegetarian diets are heterogeneous as are their effects on nutritional status, health, and longevity. Mortality rates are similar or lower for vegetarians than for nonvegetarians. Risks of dietary deficiency disease are increased on vegan but not on all vegetarian diets. Evidence for decreased risks for certain chronic degenerative diseases varies. Both vegetarian dietary and lifestyle practices are involved. Data are strong that vegetarians are at lesser risk for obesity, atonic constipation, lung cancer, and alcoholism. Evidence is good that risks for hypertension, coronary artery disease, type II diabetes, and gallstones are lower. Data are only fair to poor that risks of breast cancer, diverticular disease of the colon, colonic cancer, calcium kidney stones, osteoporosis, dental erosion, and dental caries are lower among vegetarians. Reduced risks for chronic degenerative diseases can also be achieved by manipulations of omnivorous diets and lifestyles.
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PMID:Health aspects of vegetarian diets. 304 2

As a contribution to the formulation of food guidelines and nutritional goals for Latin America, this article examines the singular situation of the elderly, defined as those persons over 60 years of age. The projected data for the year 2025, published by the Population Department of the United Nations, show that this age group represents an important sector--6.4% of the population in 1980--that is growing. Some countries, however, do have a rate that is comparable to the United States, 11.3%, such as Argentina, 12.7%, and Uruguay, 14.8%, which is similar to that of Europe. Along with other comparative demographic information, the analysis covers some of the biological, physiological, pathological, and psychosocial characteristics that become more common in senescence. To a certain extent, these characteristics bear a direct or indirect relationship with the energy, protein, and nutrient content of the diet. This becomes more evident upon examining the causes of mortality and morbidity in the elderly, whose diseases are quite often chronic and degenerative. Those with the highest incidence, such as the cardiovascular ones--including cerebrovascular accidents, atherosclerosis, and hypertension--diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, anemias from lack of iron and folates, and some forms of cancer, reveal the influence of certain nutrients in their pathogenesis. Very few studies have been done on the over-70 age group to determine their requirements for energy, proteins, and various nutrients that serve as the basis for appropriate food guidelines. Usually, estimates are extrapolated from data on the 40-and-over age group. Some maintain that the variations for the elderly are small, but since this group is growing and is far from homogeneous, such a hypothesis must be tested. Following a review of recent literature, the article proposes a set of Food Guidelines and Nutritional Goals for persons over 60 in Latin America. It also recommends to countries interested in formulating their own guidelines how to proceed for the short, medium, and long terms. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the elderly are the most neglected group with reference to government programs, and most forgotten by society. They depend to a great extent on the labor force of each country. They suffer most frequently from chronic diseases and have the most need for medical care, they use a broad range of drugs that may interfere with the absorption and utilization of nutrients, as well as foods when may impair the bioavailability of drugs. They show the highest mortality rates, and, in a high proportion, require a normal diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Food guidelines and nutritional goals for aging]. 315 33

More and more people are turning to exercise as a means of achieving long-term health. The World Health Organization has endorsed this concept. The best available evidence suggests that an employee fitness programme will result in decreased health-care costs, decreased absenteeism and increased productivity for the employer. Regular physical activity is also associated with lower mortality rates. Appropriate physical activity may be a valuable tool in therapeutic regimens for the control and amelioration (rehabilitation) of cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, hypertension, congenital heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, musculoskeletal disorders, end-stage renal disease, stress, anxiety and depression, etc. Regular physical activity, independent of other factors, reduces the probability of coronary artery disease and early death. Patients with risk factors for coronary artery disease need more intensive preexercise evaluation than those not a risk, and those with known or suspected cardiovascular disease need the most intensive evaluation and follow-up. Participation in vigorous sports activities, such as jogging, swimming, tennis, etc., helps to protect against the development of hypertension, even when other predisposing factors are present. Several studies have been conducted on the use of exercise in the treatment of hypertension. Physical exercise also contributes to the control of body weight. Consideration of the metabolic abnormalities in patients with type II (adult onset) diabetes indicates that they would make excellent candidates for an exercise programme. Osteoporosis is an important health problem for the elderly. The best treatment available at present is prevention, and a high level of physical activity throughout life can result in a larger skeletal mass during old age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The role of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of noncommunicable diseases. 323 11

Here we describe a 12-year-old boy with finger and toe contractures, obesity, mental retardation, osteoporosis, and genital anomalies. This clinical picture was first described by Urban et al. [1979] and has been designated as "Prader-Willi habitus, osteoporosis, and hand contractures." To our knowledge, our patient represents the second report of this condition.
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PMID:Prader-Willi habitus, osteopenia, and camptodactyly (Urban-Rogers-Meyer syndrome): a probable second report. 323 69

The role of calcium in age-related bone loss still is controversial. However, evidence is accumulating to support the hypothesis that an adequate calcium intake early in life, because of its relationship to peak bone mass, may be of greater importance than is the calcium intake in later life. Calcium intake would appear to be declining with age due to the changing food habits that are associated with social and technological change. This is explained partly by the increasing concern about obesity in Western society, with the trend for women to restrict their energy intake, rather than to increase their energy expenditure, to control weight. Thus, low energy intakes and the avoidance of dairy foods have contributed to the declining intakes of calcium and other minerals. Health educational programmes, which are designed to prevent osteoporosis and which identify women who are most at risk of the disease, should provide sensible nutritional advice on an adequate calcium intake and regular weight-bearing exercise among other life-style changes.
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PMID:Osteoporosis: the role of calcium intake and supplementation. 328 49

In recent years, the results of research studies have suggested a positive beneficial relationship between a vegetarian-based diet and low incidence of diseases, including coronary heart disease, cancer, obesity, dental caries, and osteoporosis. beta-Carotene has specifically been suggested as a nutrient with antitumorigenic properties. In this regard there is a need to evaluate the carotenoid content of foods. Legumes are one of the staple components of a vegetarian diet. This review specifically surveys the prevalence of carotenoids in food and forage legumes. In addition, the methods available for carotenoid analysis are discussed; factors affecting the determination of carotenoid content during maturation, germination, processing and storage are identified; research areas which have been inadequately explored are identified; and suggestions are made for future lines of investigation.
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PMID:Legume carotenoids. 332 82

The incidence of osteoporosis and fractures of the hip are diminished in blacks and in obese subjects. To determine whether bone mass is increased in them, bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, trochanter, and femoral neck was measured by dual photon absorptiometry in 89 nonobese white and 51 nonobese black women, all of whom were within 30% of their ideal body weight and between the ages of 20 and 50 yr, and in 21 obese white women and 21 obese black women, all of whom weighed 30% on more than their ideal body weight and were in the same age range. The BMD of the mid radius was also measured by single photon absorptiometry. The mean BMD of the mid radius was higher in black than in white nonobese women [0.73 +/- 0.01 (+/- SE) vs. 0.70 +/- 0.01 g/cm2; P less than 0.01] and was not altered by obesity in either group. The mean BMD was higher in the black than in the white nonobese women at the lumbar spine (1.23 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.16 +/- 0.01 g/cm2; P less than 0.01), trochanter (0.78 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.72 +/- 0.01 g/cm2; P less than 0.01) and femoral neck (0.96 +/- 0.02 vs 0.90 +/- 0.02 g/cm2; P less than 0.02). The mean body weight was higher in the obese than in the nonobese white women (92 +/- 2 vs. 61 +/- 1 kg; P less than 0.001) and black women (94 +/- 3 vs. 63 +/- 1 kg; P less than 0.001). The mean BMD was higher in the obese than in the nonobese white women at the lumbar spine (1.24 +/- 0.03 g/cm2; P less than 0.05), trochanter (0.89 +/- 0.04; P less than 0.001), and femoral neck (0.99 +/- 0.03; P less than 0.01) and was higher in the obese than in the nonobese black women at the lumbar spine (1.33 +/- 0.03 g/cm2; P less tham 0.01), trochanter (0.88 +/- 0.04 g/cm2; P less than 0.05), and femoral neck (1.04 +/- 0.03 g/cm2; P less than 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed positive correlations between body weight and BMD at each of the 3 weight-bearing sites, but not at the mid radius, in both the black women and white women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The effects of race and body habitus on bone mineral density of the radius, hip, and spine in premenopausal women. 337 86

The relationship of endogenous concentrations of estrogen, in particular estrone, to the dominant radial bone density and bone area was examined in 78 normal postmenopausal women (mean age 57 years). The women were a subset of a population participating in a clinical trial designed to determine the effects of walking on bone loss. The data reported here were collected at baseline prior to randomization. Radial cortical bone density and bone area were measured at 30 per cent of the distance between the wrist and the elbow in the dominant arm. Estrone levels obtained by extraction and column chromatography were measured by radioimmunoassay. Estrone concentrations were cross-sectionally related to both radial bone density (r = 0.39, p less than 0.001) and bone area (r = 0.39, p less than 0.001). This relationship was independent of age, number of years since onset of menopause, and degree of obesity. In multiple regression analysis, estrone levels accounted for 15 per cent of the variance in bone density and bone area in this population. These results suggest that measurement of estrone in normal postmenopausal women may assist in the identification of women who are at high risk for osteoporosis and, thus, possible candidates for estrogen replacement therapy.
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PMID:The relationship of endogenous estrogen to bone density and bone area in normal postmenopausal women. 376 8


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