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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Obesity is an ever increasing pathological condition in Western countries. Genetic, metabolic, social and cultural factors play different roles in the varying pictures of obesity, together with nutritional behavior. This research proposes to formulate a comparison through the literary sources of the classical world, so as to determine the modalities with which obesity and nutritional habits have been perceived in the past. In Greek and Roman art, obesity often assumed the characteristics of caricature and of satire, confirmed by the elaboration of the stereotype of the sponger. Obesity generated irony and sarcasm; meanwhile the figure of the tyrant too was modelled on the physical type of the obesus, in whom the vice both of alimentary and sexual excess was concentrated. The evaluation of obesity, in the course of the time, has seen alternate phases, that propose different physical models and elaborate different aesthetical canons, but always closely related to a strong social factor as a distinctive sign: opulence. Nowadays obesity is seen, on the contrary, as an ever increasing nutritional disorder, both in prevalence and in incidence, and, to the ideal of the fat subject, very recent years have progressively substituted a different aesthetic typology, also because hyperalimentation has been qualified as a concomitant cause for a number of degenerative disorders.
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PMID:Obesity and nutritional behavior within a historical perspective. 1572 88

Obesity is an increasing nutritional disorder in developed countries, and oxidative stress has been identified as a key factor in numerous pathologies such as diabetes, inflammation, and atherosclerosis, which are favored by obesity. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipose cells on two parameters involved in metabolic complications associated with obesity, namely adiponectin secretion and lactate production. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipose cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of glucose oxidase. 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a relevant lipid peroxidation by-product which may affect several metabolic processes in making covalent adducts with various molecules; adiponectin secretion; and lactate production were measured in response to glucose oxidase exposure. Results show an inhibition of adiponectin mRNA expression by glucose oxidase and a significant inverse correlation between 4-HNE formation and adiponectin secretion. Furthermore, 4-HNE alone inhibits adiponectin production by 3T3-L1. On the other hand, glucose oxidase and 4-HNE significantly stimulated lactate production by 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These results demonstrate that adipose cells are highly sensitive to oxidative stress, with subsequent decreased adiponectin secretion and increased lactate production, two events involved in the development of insulin resistance.
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PMID:Effects of oxidative stress on adiponectin secretion and lactate production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 1574 84

Obesity, the most common nutritional disorder in the United States, has taken on epidemic proportions, spreading rapidly during the 1990s across all states, regions, and demographic groups in the United States, according to the CDC. The presence of coexisting disease, difficulty with airway management and respiratory compromise, as well as alterations in drug metabolism in obese patients, combine to make understanding this particular disorder vital for the clinical anesthesiologist. This review summarizes the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of morbid obesity. Preoperative assessment, intraoperative management, and postoperative care, as well as anesthetic management of coexisting disease states of obesity are addressed.
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PMID:Morbid obesity--a review. 1583 Jul 65

Obesity has become an epidemic in the United States, with other western countries also reporting increases in incidence of obesity. With many associated comorbidities, it is the most common nutritional disorder facing the medical team. However, the assessment of macronutrient needs for nutrition support regimens in obese adults is controversial. This review summarizes existing research on popular predictive approaches, including the Harris-Benedict equation, kilocalories per kilogram, and the Ireton-Jones equations. Complications including special considerations for patients who have undergone bariatric surgeries and current evidence on hypocaloric regimens are also discussed.
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PMID:Predicting energy needs in obese patients. 1621 16

Chronic diseases are generally taken to include obesity (especially abdominal), diabetes, macrovascular disease (MVD), affecting all medium distributing arteries and the organs they supply, osteoporosis, and various cancers (notably breast, lung, colorectal, pancreatic, prostate and skin) and dementia. Unfortunately, they may not be so chronic, as their consequences for morbidity and mortality may occur early in adult life and proceed rapidly. Since they all, in one way or another, have food, nutritional and other environmental and lifestyle contributions, the term Eco-Nutritional disease may be preferred. Insofar as the nutritional basis of chronic disease is concerned, we may simply speak of nutritionally-related disorders or diseases (NRD). In regard to fat and END or NRD, the key considerations are how diverse the sources are and what it does to energy density (ED) and nutrient density (ND). These are reflected in the 2003 WHO report 9816 on "Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Disease".
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PMID:Dietary fat and the prevention of chronic disease. 1632 37

Obesity is the common nutritional disorder affecting more and more animals every year. Obese individuals have altered metabolism and disorders of many organs. Obesity may develop as a result of specific genetic, metabolic, nervous and environmental factors. Dietary management of obesity requires addressing the underlying metabolism of the animal, normalizing the glucose level and proper treatment of diabetes, which is usually associated with obesity. Novel nutrients like leptin, chromium, carnitine and starch added to the diet as well as new approaches in the obesity therapy are very important in successful weight management and treatment of this common disorder.
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PMID:Obesity in carnivores. 1638 59

Obesity is defined as an accumulation of excessive amounts of adipose tissue in the body, and is the most common nutritional disorder in companion animals. Obesity is usually the result of either excessive dietary intake or inadequate energy utilization, which causes a state of positive energy balance. Numerous factors may predispose an individual to obesity including genetics, the amount of physical activity, and the energy content of the diet. The main medical concern of obesity relates to the many disease associations that accompany the adiposity. Numerous studies demonstrated that obesity can have detrimental effects on the health and longevity of dogs and cats. The problems to which obese companion animals may be predisposed include orthopedic disease, diabetes mellitus, abnormalities in circulating lipid profiles, cardiorespiratory disease, urinary disorders, reproductive disorders, neoplasia (mammary tumors, transitional cell carcinoma), dermatological diseases, and anesthetic complications. The main therapeutic options for obesity in companion animals include dietary management and increasing physical activity. Although no pharmaceutical compounds are yet licensed for weight loss in dogs and cats, it is envisaged that such agents will be available in the future. Dietary therapy forms the cornerstone of weight management in dogs and cats, but increasing exercise and behavioral management form useful adjuncts. There is a need to increase the awareness of companion animal obesity as a serious medical concern within the veterinary profession.
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PMID:The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats. 1677 64

Obesity represents the most prevalent nutritional problem worldwide which in the long run predisposes to development of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, endometrial carcinoma, osteoarthritis, gall stones and cardiovascular diseases. Despite significant reductions in dietary fat consumption, the prevalence of obesity is on a rise and is taking on pandemic proportions. Obesity develops when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over time. Recently, a close evolutionary relationship between the peripheral and hypothalamic neuropeptides has become apparent. The hypothalamus being the central feeding organ mediates regulation of short-term and long-term dietary intake via synthesis of various orexigenic and anorectic neuropeptides. The structure and function of many hypothalamic peptides (neuropeptide Y (NPY), melanocortins, agouti-related peptide (AGRP), cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), orexins have been characterized in rodent models The peripheral neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY3-36), amylin, bombesin regulate important gastrointestinal functions such as motility, secretion, absorption, provide feedback to the central nervous system on availability of nutrients and may play a part in regulating food intake. The pharmacological potential of several endogenous peripheral peptides released prior to, during and/or after feeding are being explored. Long-term regulation is provided by the main circulating hormones leptin and insulin. These systems implicated in hypothalamic appetite regulation provide potential targets for treatment of obesity which could potentially pass into clinical development in the next 5 years. This review summarizes various effects and interrelationship of these central and peripheral neuropeptides in metabolism, obesity and their potential role as targets for treatment of obesity.
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PMID:Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity--a review. 1693 29

Childhood obesity is the most frequent nutritional disorder in developed countries and has been described as a global epidemic by the World Health Organization. In children, as in adults, obesity is the most significant risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, it may become the most frequent chronic liver disease in children. However, pediatric publications on this disorder, which can progress to severe liver disease with risk of mortality, are scarce, with small series and few histological studies. The present article describes an obese adolescent who presented severe steatosis and steatohepatitis, which responded to weight loss with clinical and histological normalization. The risk of obesity comorbidity is increasing significantly in the pediatric population.
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PMID:[Effectiveness of weight loss in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in an obese adolescent]. 1730 6

Obesity, i.e., excessive deposition of fat in the body, is the most common nutritional disorder in the developed countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population of Saudi Arabia living in different regions of the country. A total of 14,660 adult Saudi males and females (>14 years of age) in 35 areas were screened and information on height (m) and weight (kg) was recorded during a National Project to study various aspects of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and the data was used to group the males and females as overweight (BMI=25-29.9) and obese (BMI>30). In the total Saudi population the prevalence of overweight was 27.23% and 25.20% in the males and females respectively, while the prevalence of obesity was 13.05% and 20.26% in the males and females respectively. When separated on the basis of each region, the prevalence of obesity was highest in the females in Central Province and in the males in the Western Province, while overweight was more prevalent in both the male and female population of the Central Province. The data was further analyzed depending on each area within each province and significant differences were encountered. In general, overweight was more common in the males and obesity in the females. This high prevalence of obesity is a cause for concern, since obesity is associated with several complications which increase both morbidity and mortality. Awareness programs must be initiated and nationwide control and prevention programs need to be adopted to decrease the prevalence of obesity in the Saudi population.
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PMID:Prevalence of obesity in the Saudi population. 1736 27


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