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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The roles of exogenous sex hormones and reproductive factors in the causation of malignant melanoma of the skin in women were examined in a case-control study of 276 patients and 276 matched controls in Western Australia. There was no consistent evidence of a relationship between the incidence rates of different histogenetic types of melanoma and age at menarche, duration of menstrual life, degree of obesity, number of pregnancies of more than 20 weeks duration, or use of oral contraceptives (OCs). Exposure to OCs was examined separately for different age periods and in different intervals of time before diagnosis; no consistent trent emerges. There was borderline evidence of an association between superficial spreading melanoma with duration of use of unopposed estrogens. On the basis 7 studies of the relation of melanoma to OCs published to date, it is estimated that the total incidence rate of melanoma in OC ever-users is unlikely to be increased by more the 1/3 the rate in never-users.
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PMID:Cutaneous malignant melanoma in women: exogenous sex hormones and reproductive factors. 649 65

Recent findings indicate that obese (ob/ob) mice suffer a low incidence of lung metastasis and survive longer than lean (+/?) littermates following injection with B16 melanoma cells [34]. The present study examined the food intake of obese and lean mice during the growth of this tumor. Mice from both groups increased their food intake by small and approximately equal amounts during the first three quarters of the survival period following injection with 10(6) cells, and body weights remained fairly stable. During the final quarter, however, obese mice became anorexic whereas lean mice became intensely hyperphagic; body weights changed accordingly. Thus, food intake is differentially affected by tumor growth in this form of genetic obesity.
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PMID:Food intake during tumor growth: anorexia in genetically obese ob/ob mice and hyperphagia in lean mice. 659 52

Several dominant mutations at the murine agouti locus result in the expression of a number of phenotypic changes, including a predominantly yellow coat color, obesity, and hyperinsulinemia. The mutants exhibit ectopic overexpression of normal agouti protein, suggesting that agouti regulates coat coloration by direct antagonism of the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor. We have tested this hypothesis by examining agouti inhibition of both melanocortin-stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate production and the binding of a radioactive melanocortin analog in the murine B16F10 melanoma cell line. Inhibition of melanocortin-induced cyclic nucleotide accumulation did not require preincubation of the cells with agouti and was independent of the agonist used. Furthermore, inhibition of both agonist binding to and activation of melanocortin receptor could be described by a simple competitive model with similar inhibition constants of 1.9 and 0.9 nM, respectively. The mutually exclusive binding of agouti and melanocortin was verified by cross-linking experiments using a radiolabeled alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog. Competitive inhibition of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone binding can account for the effects of agouti on coat coloration and suggests the possibility that the other phenotypic changes observed on agouti overexpression may be due to direct action of agouti at a novel melanocortin receptor(s).
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PMID:Agouti antagonism of melanocortin binding and action in the B16F10 murine melanoma cell line. 754 13

The mouse agouti coat color gene encodes a novel paracrine signaling molecule whose pulsatile expression produces a characteristic pattern of banded pigment in individual hairs. Several spontaneous agouti alleles produce adult-onset obesity and diabetes, and have provided important single-gene animal models for alterations in energy metabolism. Utilizing linkage groups conserved between mice and humans, we have cloned the human homolog of the mouse agouti gene from a human chromosome 20 yeast artificial chromosome known to contain S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (AHCY). The human agouti gene, named Agouti Signaling Protein (ASP), encodes a 132 amino acid protein, the mRNA for which is expressed in testis, ovary, and heart, and at lower levels in liver, kidney, and foreskin. As predicted by the interactions of mouse agouti with the extension gene (which encodes the melanocyte receptor for alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone [alpha-MSH]), expression of ASP in transgenic mice produces a yellow coat, and expression of ASP in cell culture blocks the alpha-MSH-stimulated accumulation of cAMP in mouse melanoma cells. The localization of ASP relative to other loci on chromosome 20 excludes it as a candidate for the MODY1 locus, a gene responsible for one form of early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or maturity-onset diabetes of the young. The expression of ASP in human tissues suggests a function for agouti homologs in species that do not exhibit the characteristic phenotype of banded hairs.
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PMID:Structure and function of ASP, the human homolog of the mouse agouti gene. 775 71

Intakes of vitamin A, dietary antioxidants, and other dietary components were examined for their relation to the risk of malignant melanoma among 234 cases and 248 controls in three counties of western Washington State. Cases were drawn from persons diagnosed with melanoma between 1984 and 1987 and identified through a Seattle-Puget Sound cancer registry. Population controls were identified through random digit dialing and were randomly selected, stratified by age, sex, and county. Subjects completed a telephone interview and a mailed food frequency questionnaire asking for information on diet, demographic factors, and factors known to be associated with melanoma. Subjects were asked to estimate their food intake 7 years prior to diagnosis for cases and during a comparable time period for controls. Among data on 16 nutrients calculated from reported food intake, one significant finding emerged: Vitamin E obtained from food was inversely related to risk of melanoma (for highest quartile vs. lowest quartile, age-, education-, and energy intake-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16-0.72; p for trend = 0.01). When intake of nutrients from food plus vitamin and mineral supplements was considered, zinc from food and supplements was associated with a decreased risk of melanoma (for highest quartile vs. lowest quartile, adjusted OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.24-0.91; p for trend = 0.01). There was no evidence that vitamin A, preformed retinol, or carotenoids were associated with a decreased risk of melanoma or that alcohol or polyunsaturated fats were associated with an increased risk. Body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) was significantly related to melanoma risk; cases were more obese than controls (for highest quartile vs. lowest quartile, age-, sex-, and education-adjusted OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.10-3.27; p for trend = 0.02). These results provide limited support for the hypothesis that antioxidants such as vitamin E or cofactors in protection from oxidative damage such as zinc may be protective for melanoma, and they suggest that obesity should be measured in future studies of melanoma.
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PMID:Case-control study of malignant melanoma in Washington State. II. Diet, alcohol, and obesity. 816 37

Obesity is related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality, however, the mechanisms for the development of obesity-induced CVD risk remain unclear. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are considered key components in the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and as independent risk factors for CVD. Plasma leptin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), two adipocyte products, are also proposed to be associated with the development of CVD risk. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association of plasma leptin, soluble TNF receptors (sTNF-R), and insulin levels as possible mediators of the effect of obesity on atherogenic and thrombogenic CVD risk factors among men. From the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), we selected 268 men, aged 47--83 years, who were free of CVD, diabetes, and cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer), and who had provided a fasting blood sample in 1994. We measured plasma insulin and leptin levels by radioimmunoassay and sTNF-R levels by ELISA. Men in the highest quintile of body mass index (BMI, mean=30.5 kg/m(2)) were less physically active and had a more adverse cardiovascular lipid and homeostatic profile, as indicated by levels of insulin, triglyceride (TG), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen levels, and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1). In a multivariate regression model controlling for age, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity and diet, BMI was inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and Apo-A1 and positively associated with TG, Apo-B and t-PA antigen levels. The associations between BMI and these CVD risk factors were only slightly changed after adjusting for leptin and/or sTNF-R; but were substantially attenuated after controlling for insulin levels. These data suggest that the association between obesity and biological predictors of CVD may be mediated through changes in plasma insulin, rather than leptin or sTNF-R levels. However, plasma leptin may still play a role in CVD through independent effects on lipid metabolism.
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PMID:Plasma insulin, leptin, and soluble TNF receptors levels in relation to obesity-related atherogenic and thrombogenic cardiovascular disease risk factors among men. 1147 52

A degree of success has been achieved in controlling several epidemics of infectious and non-infectious causes of death in countries, such as, Australia and New Zealand. Using the epidemiological triad (host, vector, environment) as a model, the key components of the control of these epidemics have been identified and compared to the current status of interventions to prevent obesity and its main disease consequence, type 2 diabetes. Reductions in mortality from tobacco, cardiovascular diseases, road crashes, cervical cancer and sudden infant death syndrome have been achieved by addressing all corners of the triad. Similarly, prevention programs have minimized the mortality from HIV AIDS and melanoma mortality rates are no longer rising. The main lessons learned from these prevention programs that could be applied to the obesity/diabetes epidemic are: taking a more comprehensive approach by increasing the environmental (mainly policy-based) initiatives; increasing the 'dose' of interventions through greater investment in programs; exploring opportunities to further influence the energy density of manufactured foods (one of the main vectors for increased energy intake); developing and communicating specific, action messages; and developing a stronger advocacy voice so that there is greater professional, public and political support for action. Successes in the other epidemics have been achieved in the face of substantial barriers within individuals, society, the private sector and government. The barriers for preventing obesity/diabetes are no less formidable, but the strategies for surmounting them have been well tested in other epidemics.
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PMID:Sustaining dietary changes for preventing obesity and diabetes: lessons learned from the successes of other epidemic control programs. 1249 53

We used the nation-wide Swedish Family-Cancer Database to analyse cancer risks in men who had had children with more than one woman. Cancer cases were retrieved from the Swedish Cancer Registry from years 1961-1998. A total of 2.9 million men and 298,134 cancer cases were covered. For men having children with two, three or more women, increasing risk trends were shown for upper aerodigestive tract, lung, urinary bladder and oesophageal cancers. Decreasing trends were observed for tumours of the colon, skin (squamous cell and melanoma), nervous system and endocrine glands and against myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The present results indicated that men who had had children with multiple women showed an excess of smoking- and alcohol consumption-related cancers. The decreased risks for colon cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and melanoma were possibly related to lifestyle factors connected with economic deprivation, less obesity and physical fitness. These ill-defined protected factors may be a challenge to epidemiological studies.
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PMID:Cancer risks in men who had children with different partners from the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. 1451 98

Nevi, or moles, are localized nevocytic tumors. The American Cancer Society's "ABCD" rules are useful for differentiating a benign nevus from malignant melanoma. While acanthosis nigricans may signal an underlying malignancy (e.g., gastrointestinal tumor), it more often is associated with insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome) or obesity. Melasma is a facial hyperpigmentation resulting from the stimulation of melanocytes by endogenous or exogenous estrogen. Treatments for melasma include bleaching agents, laser therapy, and a new medication that combines hydroquinone, tretinoin, and fluocinolone acetonide. Lesions that develop on the shins of patients with diabetic dermopathy often resolve spontaneously; no treatment is effective or recommended. Tinea versicolor responds to treatment with selenium sulfide shampoo and topical or oral antifungal agents. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation can occur in persons of any age after trauma, skin irritation, or dermatoses.
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PMID:Common hyperpigmentation disorders in adults: Part II. Melanoma, seborrheic keratoses, acanthosis nigricans, melasma, diabetic dermopathy, tinea versicolor, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. 1465 5

Several studies have investigated the effect of various anthropometric factors on the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). As the results are controversial, we analysed this issue in a case-control study conducted in Italy. The roles of several body size measures were investigated in a hospital-based case-control study of CMM conducted in Italy. The cases were 542 patients with CMM and the controls were 538 subjects admitted to the same hospitals as the cases for non-dermatological and non-neoplastic diseases. The odds ratios for the highest versus the lowest quartile were 2.06 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.39-3.05] for weight, 1.16 (95% CI, 0.80-1.68) for height, 1.90 (95% CI, 1.28-2.80) for the body mass index (BMI) and 1.87 (95% CI, 1.28-2.72) for the body surface area (BSA). When allowing for BMI and BSA in the same model, the odds ratios were 1.55 (95% CI, 0.92-2.62) for BMI and 1.41 (95% CI, 0.85-2.33) for BSA. The present findings confirm that obesity increases the risk of CMM. BSA is also related to the risk of CMM. In terms of the population attributable risk, overweight and obesity would account for 31% of the cases of CMM in this Italian population, indicating the scope of prevention.
Melanoma Res 2006 Feb
PMID:Anthropometric measures and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a case-control study from Italy. 1643 61


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