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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the body mass index (BMI) of 986 patients who underwent potentially curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, in 1971, 1981, 1991, and 2001. The median BMI increased from 20.8 kg/m(2) in 1971 to 22.6 kg/m(2) in 2001 (P, 0.01). The increase was significant in both early and advanced gastric cancers, and in males, but not in females. The proportion of overweight patients (BMI > or = 25.0 kg/m(2)) increased from 9.2% in 1971 to 24.0% in 2001. Obese patients (BMI > or = 30.0 kg/m(2)) were rare. In conclusion, surgeons at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, are increasingly having to operate on fat patients, but obese patients are still uncommon compared to the West.
Gastric Cancer 2005
PMID:Increasing body mass index in Japanese patients with gastric cancer. 1574 73

In 1821 Napoleon died in exile on the Island of St. Helena. Although the autopsy had suggested stomach cancer as the cause of death, in 1961 an elevated arsenic concentration was found in Napoleon's hair. This finding elicited numerous theories of conspiracy, treachery, and poisoning. Most recent reports even suggested inappropriate medical treatment may have contributed to the exiled Emperor's death. Napoleon's apparent obesity at the time of his demise was interpreted as a strong argument against stomach cancer as the cause of death; however, his weight changes over the course of his life, noticeable from the contemporary iconography, have not been systematically analyzed. To test the hypothesis that Napoleon's weight at death could be compatible with a diagnosis of terminal gastric cancer, we performed several studies to determine: a) Napoleon's weight at death; and b) the changes of his weight during the last 20 years of his life. Our weight modeling was based on the collection of 12 different pairs of trousers worn by Napoleon between 1800 and 1821, the year of his death. Modeling trouser sizes with control data suggested a weight increase from 67 kg to 90 kg by 1820. The trousers worn at the time of death suggested a subsequent weight loss of 11 kg (to 79 kg) during the last year of his life. This weight was confirmed by a second modeling approach based on the subcutaneous fat measurement performed at autopsy (1.5 inches) and a control group of 270 men dying from various causes. This provides a reasonable validation for both weight measurement methods. Napoleon's terminal weight loss of more than 10 kg is suggestive of a severe progressive chronic illness and is highly consistent with a diagnosis of gastric cancer.
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PMID:Napoleon's autopsy: new perspectives. 1589 90

The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer have fallen dramatically in US and elsewhere over the past several decades. Nonetheless, gastric cancer remains a major public health issue as the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Demographic trends differ by tumor location and histology. While there has been a marked decline in distal, intestinal type gastric cancers, the incidence of proximal, diffuse type adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia has been increasing, particularly in the Western countries. Incidence by tumor sub-site also varies widely based on geographic location, race, and socio-economic status. Distal gastric cancer predominates in developing countries, among blacks, and in lower socio-economic groups, whereas proximal tumors are more common in developed countries, among whites, and in higher socio-economic classes. Diverging trends in the incidence of gastric cancer by tumor location suggest that they may represent two diseases with different etiologies. The main risk factors for distal gastric cancer include Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection and dietary factors, whereas gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity play important roles in the development of proximal stomach cancer. The purpose of this review is to examine the epidemiology and risk factors of gastric cancer, and to discuss strategies for primary prevention.
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PMID:Epidemiology of gastric cancer. 1648 33

A 61-year-old woman presented 29 years after loop gastric bypass with a cancer of the gastric pouch. The cancer was removed by en bloc resection of the pouch, residual stomach and involved transverse colon with Roux-en-Y esophago-jejunal reconstruction. Very few cases of gastric cancer have been reported following gastric bypass for obesity. This case represents the first reported gastric cancer arising in the gastric pouch following loop gastric bypass.
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PMID:Adenocarcinoma of the gastric pouch 26 years after loop gastric bypass. 1683 98

An association between gastric cancer and obesity has been suggested in large epidemiologic series. We present a 61-year-old lady with BMI 48.7 kg/m2, who underwent preoperative work-up for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Her endoscopy showed a depressed lesion at the incisura angularis, suggesting early gastric cancer. The biopsy confirmed well/moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The surgical approach was subtotal gastrectomy leaving only part of the fundus, and was performed on an oncological basis, with lymphatic D2 dissection. The gastro-enterostomy was 1.5 cm wide, and was constructed closer to the greater curvature over a 12-Fr Fouchet tube. The reconstruction was in a Roux-en-Y fashion, but the alimentary limb was 150 cm long. Despite the short follow-up, the way the surgery was conducted presumably maintained both oncologic and bariatric determinations.
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PMID:Early gastric cancer found at preoperative assessment for bariatric surgery. 1690 71

We have examined the current scientific evidence on the relationship between nutrition and the most frequent tumours in the Spanish population: lung, colorectal, prostate, breast and stomach. Consumption of fruit is negatively associated with cancer of the lung and stomach, possibly with colorectal cancer, but probably not with prostate cancer and breast cancer. Consumption of vegetables probably reduces the risk of colorectal and stomach cancer, but probably is not associated with cancer of the lung, prostate and breast. Consumption of red and processed meat is positively associated with colorectal cancer and probably with stomach cancer. Animal fat is possibly associated with colorectal cancer and probably with prostate and breast cancer. High alcohol intake increases the risk of colorectal and breast cancer, while dairy products and calcium seem to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer. Obesity is a recognised risk factor of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in postmenopausal women, while foods with a high glycaemic index and glycaemic load possibly increase the risk of colorectal and prostate cancer. The relevance of nutrition on the cancer process is evident. Nevertheless important issues remain to be solved and further studies are needed. This accumulative knowledge should be used by public health authorities to develop recommendations and activities to reduce overweight and obesity and to promote healthy dietary habits.
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PMID:Nutrition and cancer: the current epidemiological evidence. 1692 50

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the most common malignancy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. During the past two decades it has migrated toward the gastroesophageal junction. Gastroesophageal reflux and obesity may play a role. Recent research suggests that a number of biologic and molecular differences exist in patients with gastric cancer. Further investigation in these areas may help in predicting outcome and directing therapy. Gastric cancer is not a curable condition when metastases are present. However, postoperative chemotherapy plus chemoradiotherapy, in the Intergroup trial 0116, prolonged the overall and disease-free survival rates of patients after a curative (R0) resection. It should be considered the new standard of care in patients with gastric cancer who have undergone curative resection with stage Ib-IV disease. Preoperative therapy strategies may increase the likelihood of R0 resection and remain an area of active investigation. Finally, development of more active agents is needed for the treatment of metastatic tumors.
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PMID:Gastric cancer. 1703 Nov 30

WNT signals are context-dependently transduced to canonical and non-canonical signaling cascades. We cloned and characterized wild-type human WNT10B, while another group cloned aberrant human WNT10B with Gly60Asp amino-acid substitution. Proto-oncogene WNT10B is expressed in gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, and cervical cancer. Because WNT10B blocks adipocyte differentiation, coding SNP of WNT10B gene is associated with familial obesity. In 2001, we reported WNT10B upregulation by TNFalpha. Here, comparative integromics analyses on WNT10B orthologs were performed to elucidate the transcriptional mechanism of WNT10B. Chimpanzee WNT10B and cow Wnt10b genes were identified within NW_001223159.1 and AC150975.2 genome sequences, respectively, by using bioinformatics (Techint) and human intelligence (Humint). Chimpanzee WNT10B and cow Wnt10b showed 98.7% and 95.1% total-amino-acid identity with human WNT10B, respectively. N-terminal signal peptide, 24 Cys residues, two Asn-linked glycosylation sites, and Gly60 of human WNT10B were conserved among mammalian WNT10B orthologs. Transcription start site of human WNT10B gene was 106-bp upstream of NM_003394.2 RefSeq 5'-end. Number of GC di-nucleotide repeats just down-stream of WNT10B transcription start site varied among primates and human population. Comparative genomics analyses revealed that double AP1-binding sites in the 5'-flanking promoter region and NF-kappaB-binding site in intron 3 were conserved among human, chimpanzee, cow, mouse, and rat WNT10B orthologs. Because TNFalpha signaling through TNFR1 and TRADD/RIP/TRAF2 complex activates JUN kinase (JNK) and IkappaB kinase (IKK) signaling cascades, conserved AP1- and NF-kappaB-binding sites explain the mechanism of TNFalpha-induced WNT10B upregulation. TNFalpha-WNT10B signaling loop is the negative feedback mechanism of adipogenesis to prevent obesity and metabolic syndrome. On the other hand, TNFalpha-WNT10B signaling loop is implicated in carcinogenesis. Inhibitors of TNFalpha-WNT10B signaling loop could be utilized for the prevention or treatment of cancer associated with chronic inflammation, such as gastric, liver, breast and pancreatic cancer.
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PMID:AP1- and NF-kappaB-binding sites conserved among mammalian WNT10B orthologs elucidate the TNFalpha-WNT10B signaling loop implicated in carcinogenesis and adipogenesis. 1733 47

Submucosal cysts (SMCs) might result from severe gastritis and be related to gastric carcinogenesis, although direct evidence is limited. We studied clinicopathologic findings for gastric cancers arising in mucosa with SMC and the relation to gastritis. In 504 submucosal invasive cancer cases, SMC was found in 100. Comparison of degrees of gastritis using the Updated Sydney system, thickness of muscularis mucosae, and the patients' smoking and drinking habits and obesity showed significant variation between cases of cancer with and without SMC. In the stomach with SMCs, cancers were predominantly differentiated-type adenocarcinomas in men and showed a significant tendency for location in the upper gastric region. Intestinal metaplasia was significantly more severe and the muscularis mucosae were thicker in cancer cases with SMC in comparison with cases without SMC and control cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Atrophy was also significantly more severe in cancer cases with and without SMC than in cases of GIST. The Brinkman index was also significantly higher. Cases of gastric cancer with SMC show characteristic clinicopathologic features, and SMC formation may be caused by gastritis and influenced by smoking.
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PMID:Background submucosal cysts in early gastric cancer cases have unique clinicopathologic features suggestive of postgastritis and significant smoking association. 1795 Nov 95

The new millennium has seen distinct changes in the pattern of gastrointestinal disease in the Asia-Pacific region. These changes are important as more than half of the world's population come from the region and therefore impact significantly on the global disease burden. The highest incidence of gastric cancer (GCA) has been reported from Asia and GCA remains a very important cancer. However time-trend studies have shown a decrease in GCA incidence in several countries in Asia. A rise in cardio-esophageal cancers as seen in the West has not been reported. On the other hand, colorectal cancer has been steadily increasing in Asia with age-standardized incidence rates of some countries approaching that of the West. The pattern of acid-related diseases has also changed. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a fast emerging disease with an increasing prevalence of reflux esophagitis and reflux symptoms. The prevalence of peptic ulcer disease has at the same time declined in step with a decrease in H. pylori infection. Many of the changes taking place mirror the Western experience of several decades ago. Astute observation of the epidemiology of emerging diseases combined with good scientific work will allow a clearer understanding of the key processes underlying these changes. With rapid modernization, lifestyle changes have been blamed for an increase in several diseases including gastroesophageal reflux disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and colorectal cancer. A worrying trend has been the increase in obesity among Asians, which has been associated with an increase in metabolic diseases and various gastrointestinal cancers. Conversely, an improvement in living conditions has been closely linked to the decrease in GCA and H. pylori prevalence.
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PMID:Changing trends in gastrointestinal disease in the Asia-Pacific region. 1797 Aug 73


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