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 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The age-adjusted rates of stomach cancer in men and women aged 45-74 years tended to decrease in different countries in Europe between 3.0% and 5.3% per year over the last 10-15 years. East European countries had generally higher stomach cancer death rates than West European countries, and of these Austria and Finland had the highest rates. Stroke mortality decreased in West European countries in a similar way; the underlying factor might be salt intake. Between and also within West European countries a positive association has been found between changes in salt intake and trends in both stomach cancer and stroke mortality. In most East European countries, stroke mortality has increased. The greatest annual increases were in Poland and Czechoslovakia ranging between 2.9% and 4.8%. Thus, although the decline in stomach cancer mortality in Europe suggests a general reduction of salt intake, this alone was not sufficient to result in a decline in stroke mortality in East European countries. The stroke-salt intake association in East European countries might have been modified by other factors such as increased fat intake and obesity causing high blood pressure. Further studies are therefore needed to clarify the role of salt intake as a linking factor of stomach cancer and stroke.
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PMID:Trends in stroke and stomach cancer in Austria compared to selected Eastern and Western European countries. 356 29

In a nine-year follow-up of a southern California community of 2,852 men and women aged 60-79 years, systolic blood pressure was a significant predictor of subsequent cancer mortality in men. This effect was independent of age, antihypertensive medication, smoking, obesity, and plasma cholesterol. Trends in women were similar but not statistically significant. Compared with those still alive, higher initial systolic blood pressure levels were apparent in those who died of colon cancer, stomach cancer, and all other cancers combined except for lung and prostate cancer. Possible mechanisms for this association and the implications of the data with regard to the benefits of measures to treat high blood pressure or lower population distribution of blood pressure are discussed.
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PMID:Systolic blood pressure and cancer mortality in an elderly population. 647 25

The divergent incidence patterns of gastric cardia and distal stomach cancers suggest different etiologies. Although obesity has recently been linked to cardia cancer in Western populations, its association with distal stomach cancer remains unclear. This study examined the relation of anthropometric measurements to risk by subsites of stomach cancer in a Chinese population. We identified 1124 population-based cases of stomach cancer, ages 20-69 years, newly diagnosed between December 1988 and November 1989 in Shanghai, China. Controls (n = 1451) were randomly selected from permanent Shanghai residents and frequency-matched to cases by age and sex. Information on demographic characteristics, height and weight, diet, smoking, and other exposures was obtained by trained interviewers in person. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in square meters and categorized into quartiles based on the distribution among controls. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using logistic regression models, simultaneously adjusting for age, education, income, cigarette smoking (men only), alcohol drinking (men only), intake of total calories, and chronic gastric diseases. For gastric cardia cancer, the odds ratios among men were 1.4, 1.5, and 3.0 in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of usual BMI (P for trend, < 0.01). Among women, elevated risks also were associated with excess weight, but the gradient in risk was not smooth. Risk patterns for usual body weight, maximum BMI, and minimum BMI were similar to those found for usual BMI. For distal stomach cancer, no association with usual BMI was observed among men, but a slightly elevated risk was seen among women. Our observations in China support recent findings in Western populations that obesity contributes to the risk of gastric cardia cancer, especially among men.
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PMID:Body mass index and the risk of cancers of the gastric cardia and distal stomach in Shanghai, China. 923 33

The present paper discusses the results of an 8-year nationwide survey of multiphasic health testing (MHT) since 1984, referring to the changes with time in the rates of detection of cancers and abnormalities as risk factors for adult diseases. 1) The numbers of hospitals with human dock and institutions with AMHTS answering the questionnaire increased from year to year, with a growth to match in the number of subjects receiving MHT. In 1991, the number of such subjects reached 1,730,000. 2) The relative frequencies of cancers by organs were the stomach greater than the colon greater than the lungs in each of the 8 survey years. The frequency of gastric cancer decreased by 16.7% in the 8 years, while the frequency of colonic cancer increased by 16.3% in the same period. The frequency ratio of gastric to colonic cancer in 1991 was, therefore, 10:6. The proportion of early cancers to cancers detected by MHT was nearly 80% in both gastric and colonic cancers. The high rates of detection of early cancers indicate the utility of MHT. 3) The frequencies of six abnormalities (obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hepatic dysfunction, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia) as risk factors for adult diseases tended to decrease from year to year. However, when the country was divided into 7 districts to determine regional differences in the frequencies of six abnormalities, it was found the the frequencies of hepatic insufficiency and hypercholesterolemia, in particular, had been increasing form year to year in the northern parts (Hokkaido and Tohoku districts) of Japan and in the southern parts (Kyushu and Shikoku-Chugoku districts). 4) The results of the nationwide survey suggests that regional differences in the health conditions of the nation should be taken into consideration in implementing measures against colonic cancer and life guidance in future MHT.
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PMID:National statistics on multiphasic health testing (Human Dock, AMHTS)--with special reference to annual changes in the last eight years. 1012 70

The nationwide survey of institutions with MHTS and human dry dock capabilities was analyzed and the following results have been obtained. 1) The relative rates of cancer detection by sex and organ were the stomach > colon > rectum > lung > kidney > esophagus for men and the stomach > breast > uterus > colon > thyroid > lung for women. 2) Gastric cancer takes first place in the ranking of rates of cancer detection in the population of both sexes, followed by colon cancer. The difference in rate of detection between these cancers has been narrowed from year to year. In 1997, the ratio of gastric to colon cancers was 10:7. 3) Early cancers account for 74% of gastric cancer patients and 75% of colon cancer patients. 4) Since gastric and colon cancers are detected early, the proportions of persons with gastrointestinal symptoms are as low as 28% for gastric cancer patients and 26% for colon cancer patients. 5) The relative rates of cancer detection by the degree obesity are normal > obese > lean person. The rates of gastric and colon cancers are 2- and 3-fold higher for obese persons than for lean persons, respectively. Gastric and colon cancers are detected with higher frequency in well-nourished persons. The present review of the national MHTS and human dry dock statistics has confirmed the efficacy of MHTS and human dry dock, especially in the examination for gastrointestinal cancers.
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PMID:Results of screening for cancer in Japanese in the prime of life--an analysis of nationwide MHTS and human dry dock statistics--Preventive Medicine Committee of the Japan Hospital Association. 1118 26

BACKGROUND: D2 lymph node dissection in gastric cancer is controversial in Western countries because of the relatively high complication and mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of fat volume on operation factors, postoperative complications, and survival in gastric cancer surgery.METHODS: We studied 293 consecutive patients who had undergone distal gastrectomy with D2 dissection for gastric cancer at our hospital between 1990 and 1997. The patients were classified into three groups according to their body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)). We analyzed differences in the operation time, the amount of blood loss, the postoperative complications and the survival rate among the three groups.RESULTS: Group A patients had a BMI of less than 20 ( n = 61), group B had a BMI of 20-25 ( n = 178), and group C had a BMI of more than 25 ( n = 54). There were significant differences in operation time (group A, 206 +/- 66 min; group B, 226 +/- 61 min; group C, 252 +/- 61 min; P < 0.05), blood loss (group A, 417 +/- 282 ml; group B, 501 +/- 295 ml; group C, 605 +/- 333 ml; P < 0.05), and postoperative complications (group A, 3.3%; group B, 5.6%; group C, 22.0%). There were significant differences in postoperative complications between groups A and C, and between groups B and C. However, the difference between groups A and B was not significant, and no significant difference in survival rate was seen among the three groups.CONCLUSION: Fat volume definitely increases the postoperative complications. Accordingly, the high rate of postoperative complications of D2 surgery in Western countries may be related to the patients' relative obesity.
Gastric Cancer 2000 Dec 27
PMID:Effect of fat volume on postoperative complications and survival rate after D2 dissection for gastric cancer. 1198 27

There is increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagastric junction (EGJ) especially in young white men (+35% in 30 years). The reasons for this are not yet well known, however one of the main causes is gastro-esophageal-reflux disease (GERD). The differentiation of a EGT carcinoma in three subtypes is important for therapy: adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus (type I), cardia carcinoma (type II) and subcardial gastric carcinoma (type III). The most important risk-factor for type I-cancers is "barrett's metaplasia" resulting from GERD over years. The risks for the type II- and type III-carcinomas may be obesity and high caloric and fat intake. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection and adenocarcinoma of the subcardia is unproven. Preoperative tumor staging is difficult and tumor-stage is most often underestimated (esp. in the case of a high-grade dysplasia where in 43% carcinomas one already established). Therapy for all three types of EGJ tumors is surgical. Transhiatal (rarely transthoracic) esophagectomy with lymphadenectomy and proximal gastrectomy is performed for type-I-tumors, type-II and III-tumors are treated like a gastric cancer with total gastrectomy, lymphadenectomy and distal esophagectomy. Lymph-node metastases and advanced tumor-stage are bad prognostic factors, complete tumor resection (R0 resection) with extended lymphadenectomy will improve prognosis. The results of a preoperative combined-modality therapy are encouraging, but have not yet shown a definitive benefit. In case of distant metastases, radio-chemotherapy combined with gastroenterologic treatments (e.g. esophageal prostheses, PEG, etc.) will be used as a palliative treatment option.
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PMID:[Carcinomas of the esophago-gastric junction: surgical strategies]. 1281 32

Gastrointestinal cancer is a major medical and economic burden worldwide. Oesophageal and gastric cancers are most common in the non-industrialized countries, while colorectal cancer is the predominant gastrointestinal malignancy in westernized countries. Their aetiology is mainly related to correctable and preventable lifestyle habits; namely diet (including obesity), physical activity, alcohol and tobacco intake, and sanitation. Prevention and/or treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection would significantly reduce the prevalence of gastric cancer. Screening for cancer, its early detection and treatment requires medical facilities, endoscopic expertise and a major investment of national financial resources. This is only feasible in affluent industrialized countries such as Japan for gastric cancer, some western countries for oesophageal and colorectal cancer. Only population screening for colorectal cancer has been proven feasible and cost-beneficial.
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PMID:Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract: early detection or early prevention? 1507 91

Dietary factors including obesity and physical activity are estimated to account for approximately 35% of cancer death in the United States. According to the WHO/FAO report in 2003 based on a review of published epidemiological studies, convincing evidence between diet-related factors and cancer are available for the following associations: physical activity (colorectal cancer), overweight/obesity (cancers of esophagus < adenocarcinoma >, colorectum, breast < postmenopausal >, endometrium and kidney), alcohol (cancers of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver and breast), aflatoxin (liver) and Chinese-style salted fish (nasopharyngeal cancer). Fruits and vegetables (cancers of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach and colorectum) and physical activity (breast cancer) probably reduce the risk, while preserved and red meat (colorectal cancer), salt-preserved foods and high salt intake (stomach cancer) and very hot drinks and foods (cancers of oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus) probably increase the risk. Because these evidences are mainly based on epidemiological studies in Western countries, more evidence from the studies in Japan are essential to establish the appropriate recommendations for reducing the risk of developing cancer among Japanese.
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PMID:[Dietary factor and cancer risk--evidence from epidemiological studies]. 1522 99

The demographics of esophageal and gastric cancer have been changing dramatically in the United States over the past several decades. While incidence rates for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and distal gastric carcinoma have been declining, the trends for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and proximal stomach have been rising rapidly, particularly among white males. The incidence of these upper gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies varies widely based on geographic location, race, and socioeconomic status. The primary causes of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus are tobacco use and alcohol consumption, whereas the main risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus are gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity. Dietary factors and Helicobacter pylori infection play an important role in the development of gastric cancer. Understanding the epidemiology and etiologies of esophageal and gastric carcinomas will lead to the development of interventions for screening and prevention in high-risk populations.
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PMID:Epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal malignancies. 1529 38


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