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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the available evidence from cohort studies on the association between excess body weight and incidence of leukemia. Studies were identified by searching the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (1966-July 2007) and by examining the references of retrieved articles. A random-effects model was used to combine the results from individual studies. We identified 9 cohort studies with data on body mass index (BMI) or obesity in relation to incidence of leukemia. Compared with nonoverweight individuals (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)), the summary relative risks (RRs) of leukemia were 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.25] for overweight individuals (BMI 25-30 kg/m(2)) and 1.39 (95% CI, 1.25-1.54) for obese (BMI >or= 30 kg/m(2)) individuals. On a continuous scale, a 5 kg/m(2) increase in BMI was associated with a 13% increased risk of leukemia (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.07-1.19). In a meta-analysis of 4 studies reporting results on subtypes of leukemia, the summary RRs associated with obesity were 1.25 (95% CI, 1.11-1.41) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 1.65 (95% CI, 1.16-2.35) for acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1.52 (95% CI, 1.19-1.95) for acute myeloid leukemia and 1.26 (95% CI, 1.09-1.46) for chronic myeloid leukemia. This meta-analysis indicates that excess body weight is associated with an increased risk of developing leukemia.
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PMID:Overweight and obesity and incidence of leukemia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. 1802 57

Recent studies indicate that survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at increased risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease, conditions that healthy dietary patterns may help ameliorate or prevent. To evaluate the usual dietary intake of adult survivors of childhood ALL, food frequency questionnaire data were collected from 72 participants, and compared with the 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Cancer Prevention recommendations, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and the 2005 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Guide. Mean daily energy intake was consistent with estimated requirements; however, mean body mass index was 27.1 kg/m2 (overweight). Dietary index scores averaged fewer than half the possible number of points on all 3 scales, indicating poor adherence to recommended guidelines. No study participant reported complete adherence to any set of guidelines. Although half the participants met minimal daily goals for 5 servings of fruits and vegetables (WCRF/AICR recommendations) and <or=30% of energy as dietary fat (DASH diet and USDA Food Guide), participants reported dietary sodium and added sugar intake considerably in excess of recommendations, and suboptimal consumption of whole grains. Guideline adherence was not associated with either body mass index or waist circumference, perhaps due to the low dietary index scores. These findings suggest that dietary intake for many adult survivors of childhood ALL is not concordant with dietary recommendations that may help reduce their risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, or other treatment-related late effects.
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PMID:Poor adherence to dietary guidelines among adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 1898 58

Along with the growing epidemic of obesity, the risk of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease morbidity, and mortality are increasing markedly. Several risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as visceral obesity, glucose intolerance, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia commonly cluster together as a condition currently known as metabolic syndrome. Thus far, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction are the primary events of the metabolic syndrome. Several groups have recommended clinical criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adults. Nonetheless, in what concerns children and adolescents, there are no unified definitions, and modified adult criteria have been suggested by many authors, despite major problems. Some pediatric disease states are at risk for premature cardiovascular disease, with clinical coronary events occurring very early in adult life. Survivors of specific pediatric cancer groups, particularly acute lymphocytic leukemia, central nervous system tumors, sarcomas, lymphomas, testicular cancer, and following bone marrow transplantation, may develop metabolic syndrome traits due to: hormonal deficiencies (growth hormone deficiency, thyroid dysfunction, and gonadal failure), drug or radiotherapy damage, endothelial impairment, physical inactivity, adipose tissue dysfunction, and/or drug-induced magnesium deficiency. In conclusion, some primary and secondary prevention remarks are proposed in order to reduce premature cardiovascular disease risk in this particular group of patients.
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PMID:Detection of metabolic syndrome features among childhood cancer survivors: a target to prevent disease. 1906 99

We investigated obesity [body mass index (BMI) >95th percentile] and being heavy (BMI >85th percentile) in 95 children in first remission more than 2 years after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma seen at our institution. Height, weight and BMI at diagnosis, end of treatment and follow-up, and blood pressure at diagnosis were adjusted by z-score for age and sex. At follow-up, obesity and overweight were not more prevalent than in the general population. Median BMI z-scores rose significantly between diagnosis (0.38) and treatment end (0.62) but not during follow-up (0.70). Median weight z-scores rose significantly during both periods (diagnosis 0.23, treatment end 0.49, and follow-up 0.68). Median height z-scores were 0.51, 0.14, and 0.16 for the same 3 time points, respectively. Repeated measures, multivariate logistic regression identified Hispanic ethnicity, younger age at diagnosis, and a positive age:weight interaction as being associated with obesity and being heavy at follow-up. There was no association with diagnosis, sex, age alone, radiation dose or field, metabolic diagnosis in patient/family, height z-score at diagnosis, duration of treatment, and systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Obesity and overweight were a combination of weight gain and height loss during treatment although weight continued to increase after treatment. We did not identify disease-related parameters associated with these effects.
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PMID:Risk factors for the development of obesity in children surviving ALL and NHL. 1919 92

As childhood cancer treatment has become more effective, survival rates have improved, and a number of complications have been described while many of these patients reach adulthood. Obesity is a well-recognized late effect, and its metabolic effects may lead to cardiovascular disease. Currently, studies concerning overweight have focused on acute lymphocytic leukemia and brain tumors, since they are at risk for hypothalamic-pituitary axis damage secondary to cancer therapies (cranial irradiation, chemotherapy, and brain surgery) or to primary tumor location. Obesity and cancer have metabolic syndrome features in common. Thus, it remains controversial if overweight is a cause or consequence of cancer, and to date additional mechanisms involving adipose tissue and hypothalamic derangements have been considered, comprising premature adiposity rebound, hyperinsulinemia, leptin regulation, and the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Overall, further research is still necessary to better understand the relationship between adipogenesis and hypothalamic control deregulation following cancer therapy.
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PMID:Adiposity in childhood cancer survivors: insights into obesity physiopathology. 1946 12

Obesity is associated with increased cancer incidence and mortality. We have previously found that obesity in children is associated with a 50% increased recurrence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in high-risk patients. We have therefore developed novel in vivo and in vitro preclinical models to study the mechanism(s) of this association. Obesity increased relapse after monotherapy with vincristine (P = 0.03) in obese mice injected with syngeneic ALL cells. This occurred although the drug was dosed proportionally to body weight, equalizing blood and tissue drug levels. In coculture, 3T3-L1 adipocytes significantly impaired the antileukemia efficacy of vincristine, as well as three other chemotherapies (P < 0.05). Interestingly, this protection was independent of cell-cell contact, and it extended to human leukemia cell lines as well. Adipocytes prevented chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, and this was associated with increased expression of the two prosurvival signals Bcl-2 and Pim-2. These findings highlight the role of the adipocyte in fostering leukemia chemotherapy resistance, and may help explain the increased leukemia relapse rate in obese children and adults. Given the growing prevalence of obesity worldwide, these effects are likely to have increasing importance to cancer treatment.
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PMID:Adipocytes impair leukemia treatment in mice. 1977 40

Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk of long-term late effects. Therefore, systematic screenings of the late complications are essential. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of late effects of Thai children and adolescents after completion of ALL therapy. We performed a cross-sectional study for evaluation of the late effects in ALL survivors who came for follow-up at 10 pediatric oncology centers in Thailand. We evaluated the treatment-related late complications of children and adolescents who had finished ALL treatment for at least 2 years. Demographic data, treatment modalities, and late effects were recorded and analyzed. There were 258 survivors with a median age of 12.2 years (range 3.6-23.3 years). The median follow-up time was 7.2 years (range 2-17.5 years). Forty-seven percent (122 cases) suffered from at least one late effect. Overweight/obesity was the most common late effect. Radiation of central nervous system was a significant risk factor for overweight/obesity (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.02-3.81) and educational problems (OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.32-14.02). Our data have demonstrated a significant prevalence of late effects after childhood ALL therapy. A long-term follow-up program for survivors of childhood cancer is therefore needed in our country.
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PMID:Late effects in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a study from Thai Pediatric Oncology Group. 2049 Jul 29

More than 80% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia can now be cured. Relapses are rare after five years of remission. The most frequent sites of relapse are bone marrow, the central nervous system, and the testicles. Long-term follow-up is needed to detect late adverse effects of treatment. This includes regular cardiac examination, owing to the cumulative-dose-dependent cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines. Endocrine disorders (early puberty, growth hormone deficiency, gonad and thyroid dysfunction) are mainly due to irradiation of the brain or testicles, which is now less widely used. Growth must be monitored closely to detect early obesity. Bone mineral density can also be altered. Cognitive function, school performance and socialization are usually normal in non irradiated patients. Secondary neoplasms are rare, but some are related to previous treatments. Currently, post-cure quality of life is a major concern when choosing the treatment strategy.
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PMID:[Outcome of children cured of acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. 2066 33

Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of many cancers, including leukemia, although it is unknown whether leukemia incidence is increased directly by obesity or rather by associated genetic, lifestyle, health, or socioeconomic factors. We developed animal models of obesity and leukemia to test whether obesity could directly accelerate acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) using BCR/ABL transgenic and AKR/J mice weaned onto a high-fat diet. Mice were observed until development of progressive ALL. Although obese and control BCR/ABL mice had similar median survival, older obese mice had accelerated ALL onset, implying a time-dependent effect of obesity on ALL. Obese AKR mice developed ALL significantly earlier than controls. The effect of obesity was not explained by WBC count, thymus/spleen weight, or ALL phenotype. However, obese AKR mice had higher leptin, insulin, and interleukin-6 levels than controls, and these obesity-related hormones all have potential roles in leukemia pathogenesis. In conclusion, obesity directly accelerates presentation of ALL, likely by increasing the risk of an early event in leukemogenesis. This is the first study to show that obesity can directly accelerate the progression of ALL. Thus, the observed associations between obesity and leukemia incidence are likely to be directly related to biological effects of obesity.
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PMID:Diet-induced obesity accelerates acute lymphoblastic leukemia progression in two murine models. 2082 91

Obesity is increasingly prevalent in affluent societies and portends considerable morbidity. This is especially true in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in whom the metabolic syndrome may begin during therapy, demanding clarification of the trajectory of weight gain so that effective interventions may be developed. In this retrospective study of body mass index from a single institution over a 20-year period, almost 15% of children with ALL were at risk of overweight or frankly overweight (body mass index >85th centile) at diagnosis. This proportion increased steadily, reaching 40% at the end of treatment. Strategies to limit weight gain will have to be instituted early in the management of children with ALL, and will probably have to be maintained throughout and after the completion of active treatment.
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PMID:Growth in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during treatment. 2093 Jun 51


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