Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is epidemic among African-American women in the United States; reports of its prevalence among African Americans range from 50% to 60% higher than among whites. African Americans also incur higher rates of diabetes-related complications such as blindness, end-stage renal disease, and amputations. Data indicate that non-insulin-dependent diabetes among African Americans is associated with lower socioeconomic status and with obesity. Because obesity has been hypothesized as contributing to the growing numbers of non-insulin-dependent diabetics among African-American women, new strategies are urgently needed to promote weight loss in this population. Community organization can broaden health education and facilitate behavior change toward development of life- and self-mastery skills. Specific strategies of this approach include (1) integrating community values into health messages, (2) facilitating neighborhood "ownership" and decision-making, (3) utilizing existing formal and informal networks, and (4) empowering individuals and community. Community organization may be a promising strategy among low-income minority communities to reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes by promoting changes in dietary patterns, because it ensures that the health messages and programs that emerge will be consistent with existing sociocultural norms and beliefs.
 ...
PMID:Community organization to reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes among low-income African-American women. 146 55

The prevalences of risk factors and angiopathy were studied in 260 diabetic patients, 100 females and 160 males, 35-54 years old, in Uppsala. The prevalence, in females and males separately, of hypertension (WHO-criteria) was 46-34%, of hypercholesterolaemia (greater than or equal to 6.7 mmol.l-1) 32-29%, and of obesity (relative BMI greater than or equal to 120%) 25-20%. Those smoking greater than 15 cigarettes/day were 11-20%. Mean HbA1 was 10.6-10.5%. The prevalence of angina pectoris was 11-6%, of possible infarction 4-6%, and of major ECG abnormalities 6-4%. Large vessel (cardiovascular) disease was independently related to HbA1 (strongly), hypertension, cholesterol, age and familial NIDDM. The prevalence of severe retinopathy (blindness, new vessels or large hemorrhage) was 0% with 7-13 years of diabetes duration, and 26% with greater than or equal to 14 years of duration. The prevalence of severe proteinuria was 4% with 7-13 years of diabetes duration, and 15% with greater than or equal to 14 years of duration. Small vessel (retinopathy and nephropathy) disease was independently related to diabetes duration (strongly), HbA1 and hypertension. The data were discussed related to data from the London, Berlin and Tokyo centres of the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetics, using the same study protocol in the present study.
 ...
PMID:Prevalences of risk factors and angiopathy in diabetic patients in Uppsala. 152 37

Patients with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from macrovascular disease manifesting as coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents, and peripheral vascular disease. Increased frequency of dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertension, and associated nephropathy may contribute to accelerated atherogenesis in diabetic patients. Therefore, besides intensive control of hyperglycemia, management of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity should also be emphasized in diabetic patients. Those who smoke should be strongly encouraged to quit smoking. Besides attempts to achieve normal levels of plasma lipoproteins, consideration also should be given to normalization of compositional abnormalities of various lipoproteins in patients with diabetes mellitus. The therapeutic goals for cholesterol reduction should be lower in diabetic patients than nondiabetic subjects. The first step is to achieve good metabolic control of diabetes mellitus by diet, exercise, and weight reduction and, if needed, with sulfonylureas or insulin therapy. Because most of the patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus achieve normal levels of plasma lipoproteins with intensive insulin therapy, lipid-lowering medications are rarely needed. In patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, however, dyslipidemia often persists despite good glycemic control. Lipid-lowering medications should be considered in such patients. Because nicotinic acid can cause marked deterioration in glycemic control, and bile acid-binding resins may accentuate hypertriglyceridemia, these agents are less desirable for use by diabetic patients. Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase may be preferred in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol and mld hypertriglyceridemia. For diabetic patients with marked hypertriglyceridemia, however, fibric acid derivatives should be the drug of choice.
 ...
PMID:Lipid-lowering therapy and macrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. 152 29

The authors report on the monitoring in the Diabetology Service of the Territorial Hospital Center of Papeete (French Polynesia) of 51 Polynesians, diabetics non insulin-dependent over periods of 12 to 30 months (average 26.5 months) from July 1988 to December 1991. 31 males and 20 females (sex-ratio 1.5). Mean age: 55.9 (extremes: 22 and 76 old years). Non insulin-dependent diabetes risk factors: heredity (43%), obesity (67%), new-born babies with a weight more than 4 kg (10%). Revealing factors of diabetes: systematic check-up (37%), clinical complications (36%), cardinal signs (20%). Recorded complications are: 1. microangiopathy: nephropathy (25%) including 7 renal insufficiency and 2 patients under dialysis; retinopathy (29%); 2. macroangiopathy: cardiovascular accident 1 case; angor 4 cases; obliterative arteritis of inferior limbs 5 cases; 3. neuropathy 9 cases (17%); 4. high arterial tension 55%; 5. metabolic complications (20%): 4 acidocetosis; 2 hyperosmolar coma; 4 severe hypoglycemia; 6. 16 diabetic feet (32%) among them 8 amputations; 7. 45 infectious complications in 27 patients are reviewed. Review of the complications according to diseases ancientness; before 10 years of evolution, each patient suffered of at least one complication, after 10 years, each patient got an average of 2 complications. Review of diabetic balance: 80% of the patients present a mean glycemia greater than 1.50; 54% present a postprandial glycemia greater than 2 gr. and 34% a A1 C Hb greater than 9%. The possible treatments are reviewed. During this monitoring, mortality was one case; 35 patients were admitted totaling 881 days of hospitalization.
 ...
PMID:[The non-insulin-dependent diabetic (type II) in Tahiti]. 160 52

AO-128 is a potent and structurally novel inhibitor of the intestinal disaccharidases, such as maltase and sucrase. Genetically obese-diabetic mice, KKA(y), were used to examine the acute or long-term effectiveness of this compound. AO-128 decreased a postprandial rise in blood glucose after sucrose solution loading dose-dependently; the ED50 to reduce a delta increment of blood glucose by 50% was 0.22 mg/kg. The intestinal sucrase and maltase activities were suppressed to 7 and 48% of the control levels, respectively, at a dose of 0.21 mg/kg. Four-week-old female KKA(y) mice were kept on a laboratory diet containing 10 or 50 ppm of AO-128 for 12 weeks. The high dose of AO-128 reduced food intake and body weight gain throughout the experimental period. On the other hand, the low dose reduced body weight gain for the first 4 weeks without any effect on food intake. Development of the hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia characteristic of KKA(y) mice was moderately prevented by the low dose, and completely by the high dose. Hypertriglyceridemia tended to be suppressed by the AO-128 treatment. The high dose decreased the hemoglobin A1 level and parametrial adipose tissue weight. Hepatomegaly and fatty liver were ameliorated by AO-128 dose-dependently. Nephropathy was ameliorated by the high dose. These findings indicate that AO-128 may be useful for treating human obesity and diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Antiobesity and antidiabetic actions of a new potent disaccharidase inhibitor in genetically obese-diabetic mice, KKA(y). 162 84

Diabetic nephropathy is the most important complication of diabetes, because it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for diabetic subjects. Since not all subjects with diabetes are at risk of developing this complication, we conducted a study to determine if heredity might be a possible risk factor for diabetic nephropathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Twenty-one factors including inheritance of nephropathy and hypertension were investigated in 109 individuals with NIDDM: 50 patients without proteinuria (Group I), 20 patients with intermittent proteinuria (Group II), and 39 patients with continuous proteinuria (Group III) matched for age and duration of diabetes. Of those patients, 55 patients with inheritance of diabetes were also divided into three groups: 29 patients without proteinuria (Group I), 9 patients with intermittent proteinuria (Group II), and 17 patients with continuous proteinuria (Group III). Individuals in Groups II and III has significantly higher frequency of inheritance of diabetic nephropathy than those in Group I, and also individuals with inheritance of diabetic nephropathy had significantly higher frequency of diabetic nephropathy than those without it. Frequency of hypertension, retinopathy and body mass index in the past were significantly higher in subjects in Groups II or Group III than in those in Group I. There were no significant differences between subjects in Groups II and III. These findings suggest that susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in NIDDM may be hereditary, although hypertension and obesity may also be important risk factors for diabetic nephropathy.
 ...
PMID:[The possibility of hereditary factors in the susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in NIDDM]. 163 29

From 120 patients attending a referral gout clinic, 12 patients were found to have primary renal disease at the time of, or prior to, their first attack of acute gouty arthritis. This number excluded those with chronic lead nephropathy, polycystic kidneys or who were receiving diuretics. The nature of the renal disease was usually of the tubulointerstitial variety rather than of glomerular origin. The renal clearance of urate per unit of glomerular filtration rate, which usually increases with renal disease, was generally reduced, suggesting impairment of renal excretion of urate. Nine of the patients were female (four premenopausal) and only three were males. The degree of renal impairment was only mild to moderate. Other common associations with gout, such as obesity, hypertension and regular alcohol consumption, were not prominent. The intrinsic renal disease in these patients was considered to be the major contributor to their development of hyperuricaemia and gout.
 ...
PMID:Gout due to renal disease. 173 Jan 9

Patients with apparent polycythaemia are characterised by a raised packed cell volume (PCV; males above 0.51, females above 0.48) but normal red cell mass (RCM; less than 25% greater than predicted). Prediction and interpretation of RCM and PV should be based on height and weight, since the use of body weight alone is misleading. Patients with PCV values up to 0.60 may have apparent polycythaemia but only 18% have a reduced PV (relative polycythaemia). Therefore, the most common cause of the raised PCV is a change in RCM and/or PV within their normal ranges. The clinical associations and possible causes for the RCM/PV changes include male sex, obesity, dehydration, diuretics, smoking, hypertension, alcohol, arterial oxygen desaturation, renal disease and increased catecholamine levels. Retrospective studies of patients with apparent polycythaemia and information from other groups of polycythaemic patients suggest an increased risk of vascular occlusion, although other factors, such as hypertension and smoking, are also involved. Proposed management includes modification of possible underlying causes and examination for risk factors for vascular occlusion. In patients with PCV levels chronically above 0.54 venesection should be used, but patients with PCV values below this level should only be venesected if they are considered to be at risk of vascular occlusion. The suggested target value for PCV for venesected patients is 0.45 or below.
 ...
PMID:Apparent polycythaemia. 178 79

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension constitute two powerful independent risk factors for cardiovascular, renal and atherosclerotic disease. The frequent occurrence of the two diseases in the same individual doubles the risk of cardiovascular death, as well as substantially increasing the frequency of transient ischemic attacks, strokes, peripheral vascular disease with lower extremity amputations, as well as end-stage renal disease and blindness. Although hypertension usually occurs in IDDM in association with renal disease, in NIDDM the evolution of hypertension appears to be multifactorial and independent of renal disease. Obesity appears to be dissociable from hypertension and NIDDM with a common link between obesity, hypertension and NIDDM appearing to be hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance. It has been suggested that hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance may lead to hypertension through altered intracellular calcium metabolism, enhanced renal sodium reabsorption, or through an effect of insulin upon lipid and/or catecholamine metabolism. Further, insulin itself may have a direct effect upon the atherosclerotic process in the hypertensive diabetic patient. These considerations have been taken into account in the structuring of antihypertensive therapy in Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes and hypertension. 207 56

Atherosclerosis is more common and severe in DM. The purpose of this study was to compare the blood lipids profile and the prevalence of different coronary risk factors (CRF) in a mexican population with CHD (coronary heart disease) and DM compared with non DM patients. All had a history of myocardial infarction. Patients with nephropathy or other secondary causes of dyslipidema were excluded. There were two groups of 45 patients, 32 males, 13 females; age was 60 +/- 1 (SEM), body mass index (BMI) 26 +/- 6. Diabetes duration was 10 +/- 1 years. Diabetic individuals referred smoking in 58%, high blood pressure 55%, obesity (IQ greater than 27) 42%. There were no statistical differences with the non DM group. The mean values of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were similar in diabetics and non diabetics. HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in diabetic females (p less than 0.01). Hypoalphalipoproteinemia (HDL-C less than or equal to 30 mg/dL) was the most common abnormality in both groups (52% DM vs 38% nonDM) (p less than 0.01) Type IV phenotype was present in 40 vs 29% (NS). Lipid values were not related to BMI, metabolic control or diabetes type of treatment. To conclude, non insulin dependent diabetic patients with CHD have a high prevalence of CRF. Lipid abnormalities, particularly hypoalphalipoproteinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, could be a cause for the increased atherogenic risk, particularly in females.
 ...
PMID:[Diabetes mellitus and ischemic cardiopathy: their relation to changes in plasma lipids and other coronary risk factors]. 209 Nov 76


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>