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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Unhealthy behaviours directly or indirectly flu on health deterioration. The aim of this work was analysis of man's from Cracow unhealthy behaviours in their life style and establishing relations between presented behaviours, body builds and results of motor efficiency tests. It was analysed 1453 adult man aged 18-70. Frequency of smoking is lowering with age, significantly increase the percent of non-smoking. Similarly frequency of regularly drinking is lowering and it's growing abstinence. With age its observed increase of obesity and overweight (from 12,1% in age 20 to 74% in age 60). Normalised results of motor fitness efficiency tests (standing board jump, sit and rich, tapping) were analysed in relations to WHR category, category of waist circumference, category of BMI, category of smoking and drinking. Only standing board jump significantly depends from BMI category.
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PMID:[Man's unhealthy behaviours--somatic and motor level]. 1747 78

Bronchial asthma is a frequent cause of respiratory symptoms in elderly. In majority of cases asthmatic patients develop their disease before the age of 45 years, but sometimes the first episode of asthma occurs after the age of 60 years. Except for pharmacological methods, non-pharmacological therapies are recommended which include education of patients and his family and vaccination for influenza and pneumococcal infections. Two cases of bronchial asthma in patients over 60 years were analyzed. The first case illustrates coexistence of chronic heart-depending circulatory failure, complicated with episode of thromboembolic disease which occurred in the past, obesity and bronchial asthma, in 69 years old man. The second case illustrates 61 years old woman with chronic severe asthma from childhood, rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculous infection of the knee. It is known that evaluation of asthma severity in elderly is more difficult than in young people because of high frequency of comorbidities. An appropriate anti-asthmatic medication and education of patient and his family may enrich quality of live in elderly asthmatics.
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PMID:[Asthma in elderly--diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties]. 1760 76

The United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand use different criteria for public funding of pharmaceuticals, but all include estimates of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Drug appraisal is done through the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the UK, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) in Australia, and the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) in NZ. Of the 10 drugs deemed least cost-effective by NICE between 1996 and 2005, all were approved for funding in the UK, six were approved in Australia and five were approved in NZ. Australia and NZ refused funding for drugs for obesity, influenza and growth deficiency. All three countries made exceptions in order to fund drugs of poor cost-effectiveness for some "dread" diseases, but some drugs for less alarming conditions were either not funded or heavily restricted.
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PMID:Paying for costly pharmaceuticals: regulation of new drugs in Australia, England and New Zealand. 1820 59

This randomized, controlled trial tested the effectiveness of a nurse-run, telephone-based intervention to improve lipid control in patients with diabetes. Our patient population is predominantly low-income and Latino. Using our diabetes registry, we randomly assigned 381 patients to continue with their usual care and 381 to participate in our nurse-run program. Three registered nurses learned algorithms for diabetes care. These algorithms address management of lipids, glycemic control, blood pressure, nephropathy, aspirin use, eye screening, pneumovax and influenza vaccines, obesity, and cigarette smoking. The nurses were also trained in motivational interviewing techniques and facilitation of patient self-management. The primary goal was to improve lipid control in our diabetic population. Secondary outcomes address blood pressure control, glycemic control, renal function, and medication adherence. In addition, a cost-effective analysis is being performed. This article summarizes the design of the intervention.
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PMID:Design of a nurse-run, telephone-based intervention to improve lipids in diabetics. 1860 50

There is a clear link between obesity and metabolic disorders; however, little is known about the effect of obesity on immune function, particularly during an infection. We have previously reported that diet-induced obese mice are more susceptible to morbidity and mortality during influenza infection than lean mice. Obese mice displayed aberrant innate immune responses characterized by minimal induction of interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta, delayed expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and impaired natural killer cell cytotoxicity. To further examine the abnormal immune response of diet-induced obese mice, we analysed the cellularity of their lungs during influenza virus infection. We found delayed mononuclear cell entry with a marked decrease in dendritic cells (DCs) throughout the infection. Given the critical role of the DC in activating the cell-mediated immune response, we also analysed the functional capacity of DCs from obese mice. We found that, while obesity did not interfere with antigen uptake and migration, it did impair DC antigen presentation. This was probably attributable to an altered cytokine milieu, as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, and IL-6 were differentially regulated in the obese mice. Overall, this did not impact the total number of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells that were elicited, but did affect the number and frequency of CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lung. Thus, obesity interferes with cellular responses during influenza infection, leading to alterations in the T-cell population that ultimately may be detrimental to the host.
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PMID:Selective impairment in dendritic cell function and altered antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in diet-induced obese mice infected with influenza virus. 1875 11

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Immune mechanisms have been recently proposed to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic plaques in CHD. Heat shock proteins and oxidized low-density lipoprotein are proinflammatory substances that have been shown to have an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and are now targets for clinical vaccine development. In addition, a vaccine has been developed to inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein. It is now recognized that many medications used to combat plaque development and rupture have significant anti-inflammatory effects and these effects are critical for drug efficacy. The influenza vaccine is associated with an atheroprotective effect. In addition, a nicotine vaccine, an antiangiotensin vaccine, and an anti-obesity vaccine may play a therapeutic role in modifying known risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and its complications. This article reviews these vaccines as possible additions to the armamentarium of atheroprotective treatment modalities.
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PMID:Vaccines in development to prevent and treat atherosclerotic disease. 1892 32

Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory state, and adipocyte dysfunction is thought to play a crucial role in this. Infection of adipose tissue may trigger the production of inflammatory cytokines, leading to increased recruitment of macrophages into adipose tissue, which in turn may exacerbate the inflammatory state in obesity. Low-grade inflammation was mimicked in an in vitro coculture model with human adipocytes and THP-1 monocytes. Adipocytes and monocytes were infected with adenovirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), or influenza A virus. After 48 h, transinfection was evaluated and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) were measured. IL-6 production was upregulated in cocultures of uninfected adipocytes and THP-1 macrophages in a THP-1 cell number-dependent fashion. IL-6 production by CMV-infected adipocytes was increased relative to that of uninfected adipocytes (P < 0.01). IL-6 production by CMV-infected cocultures was 16- to 37-fold higher than that of uninfected adipocytes (P < 0.001). IL-6 production in influenza A virus-infected cocultures was increased 12- to 20-fold (P < 0.05). Only CMV infection increased levels of PAI-1 in cocultures (fourfold; P < 0.05). Soluble factors produced by THP-1 macrophages rather than by adipocytes were responsible for the increased production of IL-6 in cocultures. Infection of cocultivated human adipocytes and THP-1 monocytes with CMV or influenza A virus led to increased production of IL-6 and PAI-1. Thus, infection of adipose tissue evokes an inflammatory response, leading to adipose tissue dysfunction and subsequent overproduction of IL-6 and PAI-1. This may further compound the atherogenic effects of obesity.
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PMID:Intracellular infections enhance interleukin-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 production by cocultivated human adipocytes and THP-1 monocytes. 1955 56

This article describes the characteristics of 574 deaths associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza up to 16 July 2009. Data (except from Canada and Australia) suggest that the elderly may to some extent be protected from infection. There was underlying disease in at least half of the fatal cases. Two risk factors seem of particular importance: pregnancy and metabolic condition (including obesity which has not been considered as risk factor in previous pandemics or seasonal influenza).
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PMID:Epidemiology of fatal cases associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza 2009. 1971 43

There are few structured data available to assess the risks associated with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v infection according to ethnic groups. In countries of the Americas and the Pacific where these data are available, the attack rates are higher in indigenous populations, who also appear to be at approximately three to six-fold higher risk of developing severe disease and of dying. These observations may be associated with documented risk factors for severe disease and death associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza infection (especially the generally higher prevalence of diabetes, obesity, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pregnancy in indigenous populations). More speculative factors include those associated with the risk of infection (e.g. family size, crowding and poverty), differences in access to health services and, perhaps, genetic factors. Whatever the causes, this increased vulnerability of indigenous populations justify specific immediate actions in the control of the current pandemic including primary prevention (intensified hygiene promotion, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination) and secondary prevention (improved access to services and early treatment following symptoms onset) of severe pandemic H1N1 influenza infection.
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PMID:The 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza and indigenous populations of the Americas and the Pacific. 1988 43

Recently, the World Health Organization declared a pandemic mediated by the novel A H1N1 influenza virus. Soon after the first report from Mexico, the disease arrived in Chile, where it spread quickly from south to north, mimicking cold weather progression through the country. Between May and September 2009, 366,624 cases of H1N1 were reported; 12,248 were confirmed by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and 1562 were hospitalized. One hundred thirty-two deaths were attributable to the infection, creating a death rate of 0.78 per 100,000 inhabitants. Common comorbidities were present in 59%, including obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, type II diabetes, and congestive heart failure. Nine percent were pregnant. Severe disease developed early; the median time to admittance was 5 days, and the most common clinical manifestations were cough, fever, dyspnea, and myalgia. Mean acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II and sequential organ failure assessment scores were 14 and 5, respectively. Highlighted laboratory data were lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase elevation, leukocytosis in 50%, elevated creatinine in a 25%, and thrombocytopenia in 20%. Severe respiratory failure requiring high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as sophisticated modes of respiratory support was seen in 17%. Acute renal failure occurred in 25% of the intensive care unit patients, with death rates near 50%. Health systems reinforced outpatient guards with extra staff and extension of the duty schedules. Antivirals were supplied free for medically diagnosed cases. Admissions for severe cases were prioritized, reconverting hospital beds into advanced care ones; a central coordination station rationed their assignment. Recommendations for small hospitals include adding ventilators, using videoconferences, providing tutorial activity from experts, developing guidelines for disease management, and outlining criteria for transport.
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PMID:Influenza A pandemics: clinical and organizational aspects: the experience in Chile. 1993 12


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