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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

752 diabetic comata (150 non-ketoacidotic and 602 ketoacidotic) from the period between 1931 and 1973 were investigated with regard to type of coma, age, sex, blood sugar, body type, previous therapy, presence of infections and their location and lethality. The blood sugar rose from 521 mg percent in the period from 1931-1940 to 701 mg percent in the period from 1971-73, and age from 33.9 to 53.7 years. Patients without ketoacidosis had higher blood sugar and were older than those with ketoacidosis. Lethality was higher in women than in men. Mortality was higher with obesity (28.8 percent compared to 20.1 percent). 23.9 percent of them were "manifestation" comata of which 43.1 percent died. The lowest lethality was found in the 453 diabetics who had been treated with insulin (14.6 percent). Infections were demonstrable in 431 patients (57.3 percent). Of these, 30.1 percent died, of patients without infections 19.6 percent died. Mortality was 74.6 percent where infections were present in two or more organs.
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PMID:[Diabetic coma. A report of 752 cases between 1931 and 1973]. 80 25

Of 4171 total knee arthroplasties that were performed at our institution from 1973 to 1987, sixty-seven were followed by infection. The risk of infection was significantly increased in patients, particularly men, who had rheumatoid arthritis; in patients who had ulcers of the skin; and in patients who had had a previous operation on the knee. Infection was also associated with obesity, recurrent urinary-tract infection, and oral use of steroids, although the correlation was not statistically significant. Of the various treatment options that were studied, removal and delayed replacement of the knee prosthesis resulted in the best functional results.
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PMID:Infection as a complication of total knee-replacement arthroplasty. Risk factors and treatment in sixty-seven cases. 236 21

Throughout England and Scotland from 1968-74, 17,032 white, married women whose ages ranged from 25-39 years were studied in an attempt to observe the correlation of urinary tract infection to diaphragm use and obesity. The risk of urinary tract infection was not found to be linked to social class and cigarette smoking. Infection was, however, found to be connected to age, parity, obesity and contraceptive use. The risk of urinary tract infection was shown to decrease with age. The risk of UTI (urinary tract infection) was found to be more prevalent among nulliparous than parous women. Women who were non-obese and women who currently used the diaphragm were at greater risk than women who were obese and women who used other/none methods of birth control. The current study along with other studies confirm that a connection exists between the use of a diaphragm and an increased risk of urinary tract infection.
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PMID:Urinary tract infection in relation to diaphragm use and obesity. 366 45

Infection of 10-day-old chicken embryos with an avian retrovirus. Rous-associated virus type 7, resulted in a disease characterized by stunting and hyperlipidemia. By 20 days after hatch, infected chickens were smaller than hatchmates and developed ataxia and obesity over the next 30 days. Histological examinations of livers from infected chickens revealed a diffuse panlobular fatty infiltrate involving an accumulation of fat in microdroplets. Electron microscopic examinations of livers from infected chickens revealed hepatocytes with swollen mitochondria that lacked cristae. The thyroid and pancreas were infiltrated with lymphoblastoid cells by 1 week after hatch. An examination of the blood revealed a mild anemia, a frank lipemia, and high levels of uric acid. This syndrome induced by Rous-associated virus type 7 in chickens may be useful for elucidating the nature of several diseases, including that found in the fatty liver and kidney syndrome of chickens and that observed in a strain of obese chickens.
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PMID:Rous-associated virus type 7 induces a syndrome in chickens characterized by stunting and obesity. 629 59

Recent studies have identified clinical features that are major risk factors for puerperal infection. Patients of low socioeconomic status undergoing cesarean section who have had prolonged labor and rupture of membranes (ROM) incur a 40 to 85% risk of endometritis. Infection occurs generally in less than 10% of women undergoing vaginal delivery, even when complicated by prolonged ROM, and often in considerably fewer cases. Other features such as internal monitoring, obesity, anemia, and general anesthesia have not been consistent determinants in recent studies.
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PMID:Clinical risk factors for puerperal infection. 699 Mar 33

Obesity has long been considered a potential risk factor for poor outcome following surgical procedures. However, controversy exists regarding the clinical impact of this problem because of a paucity of data regarding the incidence and risk of nosocomial infections in obese surgical patients. This retrospective study was undertaken to compare the nosocomial infection rate in obese and normal weight surgical patients. All patients undergoing general, urologic, vascular, thoracic, or gynecologic surgical procedures between October 1 and December 31, 1991, were reviewed. Nosocomial infection data were obtained from the Department of Hospital Epidemiology. A total of 849 patients were evaluated, of which 536 (63%) were normal weight (BMI < 27 kg/m2), 175 (21%) were obese (BMI 27-31 kg/m2), and 138 (16%) were severely obese (BMI > 31 kg/m2). Age, mortality, and American Society of Anesthesia (ASA) risk scores did not differ among the three groups. There were significant increases in the number and percent of nosocomial infections in the obese populations, with rates of 0.05 per cent in normal weight, compared to 2.8 per cent and 4.0 per cent in obese and severely obese groups (P < 0.01). Infections consisted of seven wound infections, five C. difficile infections, one pneumonia, and three bacteremias. No differences in distribution between groups were evident. Mortality was similar among the groups. These data support the hypothesis that obesity is a significant risk factor for clinically relevant nosocomial infections in surgical patients.
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PMID:Increased incidence of nosocomial infections in obese surgical patients. 748 11

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy produces high response rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck without increasing the survival time. Furthermore authors have observed a death rate of about 5% (up to 10%) during chemotherapy. A series of patients with an oro- or hypo-pharynx cancer, were retrospectively divided into two groups on the basis of a short (< or = 2 months) or long (> or = 2 years) survival time. Clinical, tumoral and usual biological data from either group were compared. By univariate analysis, obesity index, hemoglobin, albumin concentrations and mononuclear cell counts were lower in patients with a short survival time compared with those in the other group. On the contrary, polymorphonuclear cell and platelet counts were higher. Infection appeared to be more frequent for patients with a poor prognosis without being entirely responsible for early death. By multivariate analysis, obesity index and platelet count were both independent variables associated with prognosis. These results call for further investigation of cardiac function, inflammatory, nutritional and immunological status of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who were given initial chemotherapy, particularly Cisplatin and Fluorouracil.
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PMID:Early death during initial chemotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the oro- or hypopharynx. 906 95

A retrospective survey of 850 spinal procedures was conducted to determine risk factors for postoperative spinal infection. Some 574 posterior and 276 anterior procedures were evaluated. Infections were classed as early (within 19 weeks postoperatively) and late (> or = 20 weeks postoperatively), as well as deep and superficial infections. Previously postulated risk factors (i.e., diabetes, corticosteroid therapy, previous spinal surgery, obesity, chronic infection, and smoking) were investigated. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that three additional factors: extended preoperative hospitalization, prolonged operation duration, and high blood loss were risk factors not previously considered. A postoperative infection was evident in 22 of 850 procedures (19 early/three late infections, four superficial/18 deep infections). Most infections (n = 21) occurred with posterior instrumentation. Previously described factors were proven as risk factors. Extended preoperative hospitalization (p < 0.04), high blood loss (p < 0.01), and prolonged operation time (p < 0.001) were additionally determined as risk factors. The results suggest that routine prophylactic antibiotics might be unnecessary in anterior surgery, whereas extended prophylactics should be considered in posterior instrumentation, especially when risk factors are apparent.
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PMID:Predisposing factors for infection in spine surgery: a survey of 850 spinal procedures. 958 68

The role of tissue expanders in breast reconstruction is well established. Little information exists, however, regarding the incidence and etiology of premature removal of the tissue expander before planned exchange to a permanent breast implant. The purpose of this study was to review our 10-year experience with tissue expander breast reconstruction and identify factors relating to the premature removal of the tissue expander. This study is a retrospective review of 770 consecutive patients who underwent breast reconstruction with tissue expanders over the past 10 years. Breast reconstruction was immediate in 90 percent of patients. Patients were expanded weekly, and adjuvant chemotherapy was begun during the expansion process when required. Factors potentially affecting premature expander removal (chemotherapy, diabetes, obesity, radiation therapy, and smoking) were evaluated. Fourteen patients (1.8 percent) with a mean age of 47 years (range, 38 to 62 years) required premature removal of their tissue expander. Expanders were removed a mean of 3.2 months (0.1 to 8 months) after insertion. Causes for premature removal of the tissue expander included infection (7 patients), exposure (2), skin necrosis (2), patient dissatisfaction (2), and persistent breast cancer (1). Positive wound cultures were obtained in four of the seven infected patients (57 percent), requiring expander removal for infection. Tissue expanders were removed in 11 patients for complications directly related to the expander. Among these, six (55 percent) were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, and one was a smoker. Diabetes, obesity, other concomitant medical illnesses, and prior mantle irradiation were not associated with expander removal. Premature removal of the tissue expander was required in only 1.8 percent of the patients in this series. Infection was the most common complication necessitating an unplanned surgical procedure to remove the expander. This study demonstrates that the use of tissue expanders in breast reconstruction is reliable, with the vast majority of patients completing the expansion process.
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PMID:The premature removal of tissue expanders in breast reconstruction. 1054 Nov 66

Although the mortality and incidence of cervical cancer have been decreasing, those of uterine-body, or endometrial, cancer have been increasing. The proportion of endometrial cancer was reported to have become 33.6% of primary uterine cancers in 1995. Infection with certain types of human papilloma virus (HPV) is considered to be etiologically important for the occurrence of cervical cancer. Because HPV is sexually transmitted, some risk factors for cervical cancer are associated with certain kinds of sexual behavior such as a young age at first intercourse, multiple partners, and infrequent use of barrier-type contraceptives such as condoms. Frequent conceptions and deliveries and histories of sexually transmitted diseases like infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 or chlamydia also have been suggested to be associated with the risk of cervical cancer. Smoking habits and infrequent intake of vegetables and fruits may be related to the increased risk of cervical cancer by supporting persistent infection of HPV through impaired immunological function. Although host factors such as a variant of a tumor suppressor gene like p53 have been assessed in terms of the risk of cervical cancer, these are not yet clearly elucidated. Estrogen stimulation of the endometrium unopposed by progesterone stimulation, namely, unopposed estrogen stimulation, is thought to be involved in the etiology of endometrial cancer. Frequent intake of animal fat, obesity or being overweight, infertility, and histories of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and polycystic ovary syndrome have been reported to be risk factors for endometrial cancer, and they are thought to increase unopposed estrogen stimulation. Estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal symptoms, tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer, and taking sequential-type oral contraceptives have been shown to be exogenous risk factors for endometrial cancer in that they increase unopposed estrogen stimulation to endometrium.
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PMID:[Recent progress in epidemiologic research of uterine cancer]. 1124 42


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