Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The insulinogenic factor of the gastrointestinal mucosa named "incretin" is only one part of the complex enteroinsular axis. --2. Of the chemically defined gastrointestinal hormones GIP is the strongest incretin candidate. --3. Because of the dual function of GIP as gastrone and insulinotropic substance several safeguards against GIP-mediated insulin hypoglycaemia exist. --4. No pathological condition has yet been found which is causally related to hyper- or hyposecretion of GIP. However, an exaggerated GIP response (usually secondary to the disease) may participate in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinaemia of patients with obesity and duodenal ulcer. --5. The injection of GIP antibodies only partially abolishes the incretin effect. Therefore, GIP, although important, is not the only incretin.
 ...
PMID:The incretin concept today. 3 19

Diabetes is an endocrine deficiency disease, a logical treatment of which is hormone replacement therapy. Many patients who are thought to be controlled by diet alone continue to have high plasma-glucose levels. As the rise in the basal plasma glucose concentration is the predominant glucose abnormality of diabetes, treatment should be aimed primarily at producing basal normoglycaemia. 18 mild, maturity onset diabetics have been treated with a basal insulin supplement provided by single daily injections of insulin zinc suspension (crystalline) 'Ultralente'. Overnight basal normoglycaemia has been obtained with markedly reduced plasma-glucose levels during the day. Plama-triglyceride levels have become normal in most patients. The required insulin dose need not be determined empirically, but can be calculated from the basal plasma-glucose level and the degree of obesity. There is minimum risk of hypoglycaemia, and rigid dietary restriction is unnecessary. As mild diabetics are prone to complications, treatment with basal insulin supplements may be beneficial when diet alone fails to produce basal normoglycaemia.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes: The quest for basal normoglycaemia. 6 73

The first step in the action of polypeptide hormones and many neurotransmitters is binding to receptor sites on the plasma membrane of the cell. These receptors are usually complex, high molecular weight proteins. Using a variety of receptor preparations and radioactively labeled hormones, radioreceptor assays for several hormones have been developed. These have allowed for assay of hormones for which no immunoassay exists. Such assays have shown increased levels of NSILA-s (an insulin-like peptide) in patients with nonpancreatic tumors and hypoglycemia. In disease states, the number or affinity of hormone receptors may be altered, leading to hormone resistant states such as the insulin resistance of obesity. A major factor regulating receptor concentration is the hormone itself. Several hormones seem to accelerate inactivation of their own receptors. Antibodies to membrane receptors are produced in at least three diseases and cause hormone resistance or mimic states of hormone excess.
 ...
PMID:Receptors for peptide hormones. New insights into the pathophysiology of disease states in man. 18 59

To determine if an effective method existed for distinguishing the physiologic hypoglycemia of fasting from pathologic hypoglycemia, 72-hour fasts were conducted in 60 women and 20 men of normal weight, in 16 obese subjects, and in six of 11 patient with insulinomas. Only the pattern of change of the immunoreactive-insulin-to-glucose ratio (the I/G ratio), calculated at major time intervals of the fast, provided a clear-cut distinction between these groups; plasma glucose values alone could not make this distinction. The mean fasting I/G ratio was calculated for each subject from that subject's I/G ratios at 12-hour intervals during the fasting period. In no single case did the mean I/G ratio during fasting for an individual of normal weight equal or exceed the control I/G. I/G ratios increased dramatically during fasting in each patient with an insulinomas. Normal obese patients (15% greater than ideal body weight) did not provide a diagnostic problem, since, regardless of sex, glucose values of less than 55 mg/dl. did not occur. Although the pattern of change of the I/G ratio was extremely useful, the basal I/G ratio alone was potentially misleading; this was due to overlap of basal I/G ratios between subjects with simple obesity and patients with insulinomas. In addition, absolute values for the I/G ratio varied with the technique employed for measuring glucose and insulin. Change of the I/G ratio, however, was independent of the techniques used for measuring glucose and insulin. DIABETES 26:161-65, March, 1977.
 ...
PMID:Hypoglycemia in man pathologic and physiologic variants. 19 73

The diagnosis of florid Cushing's syndrome is usually made without difficulty but diagnostic problems may arise. Five such cases are described. Difficulties may occur when the features of the syndrome are incomplete. Three such cases were encountered. In each only one clinical feature was present; these respectively were hypertension, osteoporosis and obesity. The diagnosis was confirmed, however, biochemically and eventually histologically and there was a good response to surgery in each case. Another diagnostic problem, both clinically and biochemically is the obese, hirsute, hypertensive female. Two such cases are described, in whom Cushing's syndrome was diagnosed clinically and biochemically but in whom there was no response to adrenalectomy. Retrospectively the validity of the original diagnosis is questioned. It is concluded that Cushing's syndrome may present in a very incomplete form and should be considered in the differential diagnosis, even if only one feature is present. It is stressed that obesity, hirsutism, hypertension and depression are commonly found in association with normal adrenal function. Urinary free cortisol and cortisol response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia may be of value in distinguishing these cases from those with endocrine disease.
 ...
PMID:Problems in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. 19 80

The authors examined 48 patients with different endocrine pathology (relatives of patients with diabetes mellitus with a normal glucose tolerance test, patients with diabetes mellitus, obesity, thyrotoxicosis, and hypothyroidism) and a group of healthy persons. Blood glucagon concentration was determined radioimmunologically on fasting stomach and against the background of insulin hypoglycemia. A marked reduction of glucagon on fasting stomach was noted in patients with diabetes mellitus, and a reduction of the hormone concentration 30 and 60 min after the insulin injection. In obese patients and relatives of diabetic patients the initial blood glucagon level was not different from that in healthy persons. At the same time there was a significant reduction, and in relatives of diabetes patients also a retardation of glucagon secretion against the background of insulin hypoglycemia. The pattern of glucagon secretion in thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism proved to be changed.
 ...
PMID:[Glucagon secretion in several endocrine diseases]. 36 65

The use of the pig for studies of food intake and obesity is reviewed. Effects of ambient temperature and taste on food intake as well as satiety factors impicating both neural and hormonal mechanisms originating in the gastrointestinal tract are considered; the integration of information in the central nervous system for both internal and external sources is hypothesized. Special concerns of food intake controls in the neonate are discussed, including effects of neonate sweet preference on food intake, gastrointestinal satiety factors, and hypoglycemia as a stimulus for food ingestion.For obesity studies, pigs offer several advantages, including their general physiological similarity to humans, similar fat cell size, and body fat distribution. Lipogenesis, lipolysis, and lipid mobilization are under intensive study in swine and the information obtained may have important application in studies of human obesity. The voluminous literature on metabolic differences between genetically lean versus obese populations of pigs suggests possibilities for application in humans. Greater characterization of differences and similarities between pigs and humans in important metabolic parameters related to regulation of food intake and obesity should facilitate better understanding and control of human obesity.
 ...
PMID:The pig as a model for the study of obesity and of control of food intake: a review. 38 Jan 87

The curve of blood insulin levels recorded during the oral provoked hypoglycaemia test (OPHG) was studied in 67 proven coronary patients. None of the curves obtained was normal. The abnormalities found in this way are of two types: either a hypoinsulinaemic response, with a high non-retarded peak (type 1) or a high retarded peak (type 2), or else a hypoinsulinaemic response, with a flat curve (type 3) or a very small late peak (type 4). The possible role of these abnormalities of insulin secretion in the pathogenesis of atheroma is discussed. The correlations between age, sex, obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, and the OPHG curve are investigated. The preliminary results of a test in which insulin levels are monitored after intravenous provoked hypoglycaemia, followed by tolbutamide, are reported.
 ...
PMID:[Abnormalities of insulin secretion in coronary patients. Apropos of 67 cases]. 41 93

The authors have estimated a correlation between the total insulin areas after glucose loading and total somatotropin areas during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in 30 patients with obesity, as well as in a selected group of 16 patients with simple (essential) obesity. A significant negative correlation was found in both investigated groups. A new hypothesis assuming hyposecretion of somatotropin in obese subjects as a result of hyperinsulinaemia and subsequent increased somatomedin generation is suggested.
 ...
PMID:Relationship between insulin and somatotropin in obesity. 46 74

The blood glucagon concentration (fasting and in insulin hypoglycemia) was determined by radioimmunoassay in diabetic patients, relatives of diabetic patients with a normal glucose tolerance test, patients with obesity and a group of normal weight subjects. The index of glucagon rise above the fasting level and glucagon release rate were estimated. In relatives of diabetic and obese patients the initial blood glucagon concentration did not differ from that of healthy subjects. However, during insulin hypoglycemia, glucagon secretion was significantly reduced, and in relatives of diabetic patients it also proved to be delayed. A comparison of glucagon and somatostatin changes in the above mentioned patients allows to suggest participation of the somatostatin mechanism in disorders of glucagon secretion.
 ...
PMID:Glucagon secretion in subjects with prediabetes, diabetes mellitus and obesity. 50 63


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>