Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pathological hyperprolactinaemia (PH) is significantly associated with: (1) paternal deprivation during childhood, (2) depression, (3) non-specific symptoms including obesity and weight gain. The clinical onset of the symptoms often follows pregnancy or a loss. Prolactin is an insulin antagonist which does not promote weight gain. Hyperprolactinaemia and increased metabolic efficiency are parts of a system of interdependent behavioural and metabolic mechanisms necessary for the care of the young. We call this system, which is available as a whole package, maternal subroutine (MS). An important number of cases of PH are due to activation of the MS that is not induced by pregnancy. The same occurs in surrogate maternity and in some animal models. Most women with PH developed a malignant symbiotic relationship with their mothers in the setting of absence, alcoholism or devaluation of the father. These women may regress to early developmental stages to the point that they identify themselves both with their lactating mother and with the nursing infant as has been found in psychoanalysed patients and in the paradigmatic condition of pseudopregnancy. Such regression can be associated with activation of the MS. Prolactinomas represent the extreme of the spectrum of PH and may result from somatic mutations occurring in hyperstimulated lactotrophs.
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PMID:Hyperprolactinaemia as a result of immaturity or regression: the concept of maternal subroutine. A new model of psychoendocrine interactions. 151 20

The incidence of ultrasonically diagnosed polycystic ovaries (PCO) was studied in 389 Arab patients with different types of menstrual dysfunction and 100 normal women with regular menstruation. Two-hundred-and-forty-six patients (63.2%) were found to have PCO but only 206 (53.0%) were confirmed as cases of polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) on endocrine grounds. Polycystic ovaries were diagnosed in 50% of patients with hyperprolactinaemia, 36.4% with hypothyroidism, 23.7% with hypothalamic dysfunction, 100% with adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency and in 16.0% of normal women. More women with PCOD presented with oligomenorrhoea or dysfunctional uterine bleeding (77.7%) and hirsutism (72.3%) but obesity had no discriminating value between the groups with different diagnoses. Ultrasonic diagnosis of PCO should be supplemented with an endocrine biochemical assessment to prevent overdiagnosis of PCOD and to exclude other endocrine dysfunctions.
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PMID:Implications of ultrasonically diagnosed polycystic ovaries. I. Correlations with basal hormonal profiles. 152 85

Protein C deficiency can lead to cerebrovascular occlusive disease. We describe a patient in whom heterozygous protein C deficiency (type 1) is suspected on the grounds of reduced protein C activity and who suffered from multiple thrombo-embolic events involving the brain and peripheral organs. The patient developed hypothalamic failure with hypernatraemia, hypodipsia, hypersomnolence and hyperkapnia, obesity, hyperprolactinaemia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and growth hormone deficiency. We hypothesize that protein C deficiency caused cerebrovascular occlusions which eventually led to hypothalamic insufficiency in this patient. Disorders of the anticoagulant system should be looked for in patients with unexplained hypothalamic disease.
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PMID:Hypothalamic failure as a sequela of heterozygous protein C deficiency? 162 70

Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma in patients with long-term primary hypothyroidism have been recognized for decades. We report a case of 57-year-old female patient with lingual thyroid and cretinism who had a high serum prolactin level (greater than 200 ng/ml) and a pituitary tumor with suprasellar and parasellar extension. The tumor regressed to a size undetectable by CT scan after 2 years of thyroid hormone replacement therapy, but complete normalization of the hyperprolactinemia required additional bromocriptine therapy. This patient showed generalized short metacarpal and phalangeal bones, calcification of the basal ganglia and dentate nuclei bilaterally, and subcutaneous calcification at both gluteal regions, while serum calcium, phosphorus and c-PTH levels were all normal. Thus in addition to short stature, brachydactyly, a round face, and obesity, which are related to hypothyroidism, she also presented features uniquely mimicking the Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy seen in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism. Since she had no family history of pseudohypoparathyroidism and had a normal level of Gs alpha protein on the membrane of the red blood cells, there is no evidence of pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism. The cause of the ectopic calcification remains unknown.
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PMID:Intracranial calcification and brachydactyly mimicking Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy in an adult patient with lingual thyroid and prolactinoma-like lesion. 167 15

The goal pursued has been to analyze clinical observations and hormonal studies of patients with empty sella turcica (EST), in order to review this disorder and determine if it can be considered a real syndrome. Fifteen patients with EST (3 men and 12 women) and mean age of 45.6 +/- 17.9 years have been prospectively studied. In the hypothalamus-hypophysis study, reserves of thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), gonadotropins (FSH and LH), growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol were assessed. In addition, thyroid hormones and, for men, testosterone, were determined. The pathogenic mechanism was explained in two cases (13.3%). We registered headache in 10 patients, obesity in 8, arterial hypertension in 2 and diabetes mellitus in 2. Multiparity antecedent was found in 2 cases. The hormonal study was abnormal in two cases (40%). Most common abnormalities were hyperprolactinemia (3 cases), deficit of gonadotropins (3 cases), without coexisting both of them in any case, and deficit of GH (2 cases). EST is frequently associated with endocrine disfunction, although clinical implications are rare. The absence of common clinical manifestations in most cases questions the EST as a real syndrome.
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PMID:[Primary empty sella turcica: clinical aspects and hormonal study of 15 cases]. 179 Feb 77

The role of dopamine (DA) in the secretion of gonadotropic hormones was studied in women with obesity and normal body mass. Tests with sulpiride (peripheral antagonist of DA-receptors), sulpiride LH-RH and thyroliberin were made. Basal and LH-RH-stimulated secretion of gonadotropins and prolactin (PRL) was studied to reveal the relationship of their secretion with the status of the hypothalamohypophyseal system. It was shown that the blockade of peripheral DA receptors did not result in an increase in the basal and LH-RH-stimulated secretion of LH either in healthy women or in women with obesity at the normal basal level of gonadotropic hormones. Hyperprolactinemia caused by sulpiride or LH-RH, did not lower LH secretion during the entire period of investigation. There were no differences either in the basal level of gonadotropic hormones or in their ejection in response to LH-RH administration in women with normal and excess body mass. Stimulation of PRL secretion in response to LH-RH was found in patients with exogenous-constitutional obesity and minimum signs of diencephalic pathology. Slight inhibition of PRL secretion after LH-RH administration was noted in women with obesity of hypothalamic type and unstable type of disorder of EEG. The absence of changes in PRL secretion was noted in women with strongly marked hypothalamic signs of the disease.
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PMID:[The effect of luliberin and sulpiride on the secretion of gonadotropic hormones and prolactin in patients with obesity]. 220 52

Androgens arise from either adrenal or ovarian secretion or by peripheral conversion of secreted precursors. The adrenals and ovaries normally contribute about equally to testosterone and AD production. DHAS is the major adrenal 17-KS. Testosterone is the major circulating form of androgen. More than 96% of plasma testosterone is bound to SHBG; the free testosterone seems to be the bioavailable fraction. Hyperandrogenism must be considered in any girl with premature or excessive development of public hair or acne, menstrual irregularity (whether it be oligo-amenorrhea or dysfunctional uterine bleeding), or obesity. The most common cause of premature public hair development (pubarche) is premature adrenarche. The most common cause of hyperandrogenism presenting in a teenage girl is polycystic ovary syndrome. However, the differential diagnosis includes "exaggerated adrenarche," late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia, virilizing tumors, Cushing's syndrome, hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly, and abnormalities of androgen action or of metabolism. The plasma free testosterone is a more sensitive indicator of hyperandrogenism than is the total testosterone concentration. The pattern of response of plasma free testosterone, DHAS, and cortisol to dex-suppression testing is diagnostic of the source of androgen excess. Most hyperandrogenic adolescents will be found to have PCOS. The treatment is chosen according to particular symptoms, such as menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, or obesity.
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PMID:Hyperandrogenism in peripubertal girls. 225 43

Two cases of idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction (one boy and one girl) are reported. Symptoms of hypothalamic dysfunction were noted by the age of 2 years: initial polyphagia and obesity with subsequent anorexia and emaciation were observed in one patient. Thermoregulation and thirst disorders, recurrent accesses of hypernatremia, acrocyanosis and profuse sweating were present. Impaired growth and delayed puberty in one case, and in the other hypogonadism, absence of growth hormone and gonadotrophins release in response to provocative stimuli were observed as well as abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone response to thyrotropin releasing hormone with hyperprolactinemia. Magnetic resonance imaging showed structural lesion in the lateral part of the lentiform nucleus in one case. Treatment with naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, had little if any effect.
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PMID:[Hypothalamic dysfunction. 2 cases: the contribution of nuclear magnetic resonance, therapeutic trial of naltrexone]. 266 35

This paper reports an analysis of the clinical, endocrine and ultrasound data within a population of 556 patients with ultrasound-diagnosed polycystic ovaries. Compared with those not so affected, hirsutism was associated with a higher mean serum testosterone concentration, infertility was associated with higher mean gonadotrophin concentrations, obesity was associated with a higher mean serum testosterone concentration, hyperprolactinaemia was associated with a lower mean serum testosterone concentration and smaller ovaries, alopecia was associated with lower mean serum LH and testosterone concentrations, and acanthosis nigricans was associated with obesity and a raised mean serum testosterone concentration. The heterogeneity illustrates the limitations in the use of specific clinical or endocrine criteria as requirements for the diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome.
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PMID:Heterogeneity of the polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical, endocrine and ultrasound features in 556 patients. 268 96

The ovarian ultrasonic appearance in 20 patients with polycystic ovarian disease was studied and correlated to the clinical, hormonal, and laparoscopic findings. Ultrasound studies showed that both ovaries were enlarged in 15 patients (15.46 +/- 2.5 cm3). Maximum ovarian surface area was 9.75 +/- 3.38 cm2. Three ultrasonic patterns were detected: (1) isoechoic, with no discernible cysts (four patients); (2) hypoechoic, with multiple small cysts of less than 1 cm (11 patients); (3) hypoechoic, with single cyst of greater than 1 cm (five patients). Ultrasonic estimation of ovarian size was superior to clinical assessment and equal to that of laparoscopic examination. Subtle differences existed between the ultrasonic appearance of the ovaries in hyperprolactinemic subgroups of polycystic ovarian disease compared to normoprolactinemic ones. However, no significant relationship was found between the ovarian size and any of the hormones studied. Obesity, amenorrhea, hirsutism, hyperprolactinemia, and elevated testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels were more common in the group with enlarged ovaries, whereas oligomenorrhea, elevated luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio, and elevated androstenedione and estrone levels occurred more frequently in the group with normal-sized ovaries. The value of ultrasound studies in the management of polycystic ovarian disease is emphasized.
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PMID:Correlation of the ultrasonic appearance of the ovaries in polycystic ovarian disease and the clinical, hormonal, and laparoscopic findings. 293 74


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