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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered by various methods to mice and rats of various ages and the incidence of obesity was later measured. 2. Newborn mice were injected subcutaneously with 3 mg MSG/g body-weight at 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 d of age; 16% died before weaning. Of the survivors, 90% or more became markedly obese. Mean carcass lipid content was increased by about 120% in both sexes at 20-30 weeks old. In male mice, MSG treatment increased body-weight and epididymal fat pad weight, and greatly decreased adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells. Body-eright of females was not increased significantly. Food intake was not increased in either sex from weeks 13 to 15. Blood glucose level was not generally increased by MSG but some of the male mice had abnormally high values. 3. Obesity was not detected in the offspring of female mice that had received 100 g MSG/kg diet, either from 3 weeks before mating until weaning, or from the 14th day of pregnancy until weaning. 4. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg MSG/g body-weight (in two doses) at weaning increased carcass lipid content in female mice by 34% by 23 weeks of age, but female rats were not affected. 5. The addition of 20 g MSG/l to the drinking-water from weaning onwards did not increase carcass lipid content in female rats or mice. 6. The addition of 20 g MSG/kg diet from weaning onwards did not alter body-weight or carcass lipid content in male and female rats by 14 weeks of age. 7. The obesity induced in mice by MSG was not associated with hyperphagia, unlike genetic obesity and obesity induced by gold thioglucose (GTG). 8. All types of mouse studied, obese and lean, had essentially the same linear relationship between carcass water content and carcass lipid content. 9. Although MSG-obese mice could not readily be differentiated from normal mice by the increase in body-weight, which was only about 10% compared to 50-120% for genetic and GTG-induced obesity, the proposed schedule of injections in the newborn was almost 100% reliable in inducing a high extent of adiposity.
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PMID:The induction of obesity in rodents by means of monosodium glutamate. 110 64

Two laboratory experiments are described in which volunteer subjects read advice on how to develop self-control over eating behaviour. Formulating the communications in terms of specific instructions rather than general rules and the use of simple language as determined by a readability formula led to increased recall of the advice. These findings were confirmed in a naturalistic setting in which the same material was presented orally to patients receiving treatment for obesity. The results of these investigations are believed to have implications for improving communications between doctors and their patients and possibly for increasing the degree to which patients comply with medical recommendations.
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PMID:Recall of medical advice: comprehensibility and specificity. 112 47

Opinions about good nutrition, causes of obesity and its prevention, as well as certain eating habits, were studied in 482 Israeli children (251 boys and 231 girls), thirteen to fourteen years old. Height, weight, and triceps skinfolds were measured. Mean relative weight and relative logarithmic skinfold thickness were close to standard, although 8 per cent of the boys and 9 per cent of the girls weighed more than 120 per cent of standard weight for their age and sex. Weight was closely associated with skinfold thickness. Over two-thirds of both boys and girls believed that daily consumption of milk, bread, fruits, eggs, cheese, meat, and tomatoes is desirable, and about two-thirds stated that overeating is a cause of obesity. More overweight than thin and normal-weight children indicated that, to prevent obesity, all kinds of food are permissible, but only in limited amounts. Most children believed in the fattening value of cakes, sweets, fried and fatty food, potatoes, bread, and nuts. The belief in the fattening value of potatoes, bread, and nuts was shared by a higher percentage of overweight than of under- and normal-weight children. Overweight children, particularly girls, reported eating less bread, cake, and cream, adding less sugar to beverages, and eating sweets and ice cream less frequently than thin and normal-weight children. A higher percentage of the obese group reported skipping one meal and eating no snack at school. Overweight teen-agers appear to be more conscious of their food intake than under- and normal-weight children.
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PMID:Eating habits and opinions of teen-agers on nutrition and obesity. 112 3

Parasagittal knife cuts through the perifornical hypothalamus either medial or lateral to the fornix produced hyperphagia and obesity and altered the rat's ingestive responses to dilute glucose solutions. The lateral knife cut rats drank less dilute glucose solution under both nondeprived and food deprived conditions and displayed less of a feeding suppressive response to glucose ingestion compared to controls. The lateral cut rats were also deficient in their feeding response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, although their altered sensitivity to glucose and insulin did not appear to be causally related. The medial knife cuts decreased the responsivity to glucose, but less so than the lateral cuts, and did not alter the ingestive response to insulin. Both the medial and lateral knife cuts did not appear to change the rat's responsivity to concentrated blucose solutions. The neuroanatomical and functional nature of the disorder responsible for these effects and its relationship to the hyper-phagia-obesity syndrome are discussed.
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PMID:Effects of hypothalamic knife cuts on the ingestive responses to glucose and insulin. 119

Hepatic-portal infusions of small or large flucose loads in the rabbit had little or no stimulating effect on postinfusion food intake. However, marked differential changes in appetite were observed when small and large glucose loads were infused into the duodenum. The satiating effect of small glucose loads contrasted sharply with an unusually high increase in food intake triggered by the infusions of larger amounts of glucose into the duodenum. The results are interpreted in terms of a possible involvement of the enteroinsular mechanism in the regulation of food intake. This mechanism is bypassed and its influence on food intake eliminated when glucose is infused directly into the portal circulation. The positive relationship between large amounts of alimentary carbohydrates and overeating is seen as a factor that may actively promote the development of obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Satiety and hunger induced by small and large duodenal loads of isotonic glucose. 121 47

The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) elicits satiety in rats and inhibits food intake in rhesus monkeys. This behavioral effect is specifically related to the C-terminal octapeptide structure of CCK and is a new biological effect of the hormone. Endogenous CCK released by food entering the duodenum may inhibit feeding and elicit satiety under physiological conditions, but no experimental evidence is availabe on this point. Until such evidence becomes available, we believe that CCK should be considered a putative satiety signal. The satiety effect of CCK suggests a therapeutic role of CCK for human hyperphagia and obesity. An interesting therapeutic alternative to administration of exogenous CCK is the release of endogenous CCK by nutrients such as amino acids. These nutrients can be ingested as preloads which are calorically trivial, but which release significant amounts of CCK. Such preloads inhibit food intake in rhesus monkeys. Their efficacy in man has not been determined.
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PMID:Cholecystokinin: a putative satiety signal. 122 92

The ventral noradrenergic bundle (VB) of the rate brain has been proposed as the substrate for the hyperphagia and obesity produced by ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. To determine the relationship between body weight and damage to the VB, the effects of bilateral electrolytic and 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the VB were compared. When rats were fed only a standard laboratory diet, no significant differences were found between groups. When a high-fat diet supplement was introduced, the group with electrolytic lesions became significantly heavier than the control group; however, the 6-OHDA group did not differ from the controls. Norepinephrine depletion was significantly greater following the 6-OHDA than the electrolytic lesions. Both lesions reduced telencephalic dopamine and serotonin only slightly. A second study in which both types of lesions were placed at a rostral ventromedial hypothalamic site yielded the same pattern of results. Diet-dependent increases in body weight were attributed to the destruction of a non-noradrenergic system, which was spared by the relatively selective 6-OHDA lesion but damaged by the nonselective electrolytic lesion.
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PMID:Central noradrenergic neurons: differential effects on body weight of electrolytic and 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in rats. 124 69

Periodic apnea and exercise hypoventilation were observed in a 14-year-old boy. Hyperphagia, obesity, serum hyperosmolality without diabetes insipidus or appropriate thirst, and retardation of growth and sexual development indicated a hypothalamic disorder. Neurologic evaluation was normal except for electroencephalographic changes induced by apnea. Pulmonary function tests, resting arterial blood gases in the wakeful state, and ventilatory response to inhaled CO2 were also normal. Acute hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis occurred with apnea during sleep and with insufficient ventilation during exercise. The central origin of sleep apneas was shown by esophageal pressure monitoring. The hypothalamic dysfunction and exercise hypoventilation distinguish this patient from others with obesity and periodic apnea.
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PMID:Periodic apnea, exercise hypoventilation, and hypothalamic dysfunction. 125 44

Obesity is one of the most common prosperity diseases. As a consequence of this disease there is a decrease in the expectation of life. Obesity is bascially caused by overeating. The low-caloric reducing diets are differentiated into a low-fat and high-carbohydrate form, and into a carbohydrate-free and high-fat diet. The metabolic advantages and the disadvantages of these two forms of low-caloric diets are discussed with respect to starvation metabolism. It is assumed that without ketoacidosis, at least 100-140 g glucose per day are required to meet the energetic demands of the central nervous system. Since the conversion rate of protein to glucose is about 2:1, during a carbohydrate-free diet about 200-260 g of protein per day would be necessary to meet the glucose requirements of the organism. As such a high-protein supply with food is almost impossible, ketogenesis in the liver must take place as a sort of "glucose-sparing mechanism". Only under these conditions, the otherwise extreme nitrogen catabolism can be avoided during an almost carbohydrate-free diet. However, using a fat-free (600 kcal) diet it is possible to furnish the glucose requirements of the central nervous system by the food supply. Therefore, a compensatory ketoacidosis is not required. Additionally, the fat-free diet does not contain cholesterol. In this way, the hypercholesterinemia which is a common feature in obesity is favourably influenced by the absence of foods of animal origin. Therefore, within a short period a marked decrease in serum cholesterol concentration results by the high-carbohydrate diet. The same is true for the concentration of free fatty acids and serum triglycerides. It is concluded that the high-carbohydrate low-caloric diet is suited best for reduction of body weight.
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PMID:[Nutrition physiological aspects in the treatment of obesity]. 125 23

It was hypothesized that obese individuals respond to unlabeled high arousal by overeating, while no such response was predicted for labeled high arousal states. Obese and normal weight subjects were led to believe that they were hearing their own heart beat, and that it was either fast or slow. A label for this heart rate either was or was not provided, and subjects' eating behavior was measured unobtrusively. The results supported these hypotheses: aroused obese subjects ate more when they could not identify the cause of their arousal than when a label was known. When obese subjects were calm, the presence or absence of a label did not affect their eating. Furthermore, obese subjects showed significant affect reduction following eating. Normal weight subjects were not affected by the presence or absence of an arousal label. Instead, they ate more when they called themselves calm than when anxious, and more when hungry than when full.
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PMID:Emotional labeling and overeating in obese and normal weight individuals. 127 38


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