Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The apolipoprotein (apo) A-I:B ratio and the apo B concentration were determined by radial immunodiffusion in dried blood spot samples from 1,767 10- and 11-year-old children. Children with either apo A-I:B ratios below the first percentile or apo B levels above the 99th were recalled and plasma lipid and apolipoprotein profiles were determined for both children and parents. Of 17 children (one family was lost to follow-up) recalled due to abnormal apo A-I:B ratios, apo B levels were above the 95th percentile in 13 children, and of 18 children with abnormal apo B screening levels (three of them also had abnormal apo A-I:B ratios), the plasma apo B level was elevated in 13 children. The 23 children with abnormal blood lipid and/or apolipoprotein concentrations were divided into two main groups: (a) children with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia and (b) children with hyperapo B lipoproteinemia (hyperapo B) and normal blood lipid levels. Twelve children had the type IIa pattern. Five children likely had familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), the other seven children may have hypercholesterolemia due to obesity or environmental factors. Eleven children had the hyperapo B abnormality. In four children, the elevated apo B level probably was an indication of the occurrence of familial combined hypercholesterolemia (FCH) in the family. Of the remaining seven hyperapo B children, three children also had a parent with hyperapo B and a fourth family suffered from obesity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Apolipoprotein A-I:B ratio and B screening: a preliminary study of 10- and 11-year-old children. 210 20

The attherosclerosis risk-factors occurrence is studied in the present paper and compared with that of abnormal coronarogram in 376 male subjects. As an abnormal coronarogram is estimated this with at least one of coronaries having more than 50% of lumen obstructed. The abnormal coronarogram occurred significantly with more frequently in male patients with hyperlipoproteinemia an in smokers (p less than 0.001). In a total of male subjects with positive coronarographic findings, the significantly higher averaged levels of total cholesterol (p less than 0.01) have been stated. Authors detected the levels of total cholesterol higher than 6.72 mmol/l and those of triglycerides higher than 1.80 mmol/l are significantly exerting the influence on the value of coronarographic score. Of particular interest is a fact that no significant relation of abnormal coronarogram to the occurrence of systemic hypertension has been detected as well as to the disorders of glycide metabolism and obesity. However, mathematically significant relation has been determined between the smoking and hyperlipoproteinemia (p less than 0.001). The cigarette smoking was stated to enhance hyperlipoproteinemia as 4 %. Smokers have been found to represent pathologically increased both triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. It is to be said that the group of smokers has values of body mass index (BMI) lower ones than the group of non-smokers. Authors also revealed the disorders of glycide metabolism were related with higher occurrence of hyperlipoproteinemia in men as 1-2%. Although no significantly frequent occurrence of glycide metabolic disorders has been proved in men with abnormal coronarogram, the more detailed analysis showed those with glycide metabolic disorders were significantly higher in coronarographic score (p less than 0.05) in contrast with the group compared, and showed significantly higher occurrence of hemodynamically important stenoses than the controls. The results of the present work are believed to enlarge the knowledge about the relations between the atherosclerotic changes, their clinical manifestations and risk-factors estimated in conditions which are completely different from those of routine epidemiological studies. The necessity of primary prevention is confirmed and possible secondary measures are indicated.
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PMID:[Atherosclerosis risk factors in patients examined by coronarography. II. Results and evaluation in the group of men]. 213 Apr 91

This is an overview of the literature analysing the international level of knowledge about the influence of marital status on the prevalence of cigarette smoking, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, obesity, alcohol consumption and type-A-behavior of women. An accumulation of the more behavior-dependent risk factors cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption was found by divorced and of the obesity by never married women. Widowed women scarcely differ from women in other marital status groups in their risk factor profile. The risk factors hypertension and hyperlipoproteinemia hardly correlate with the marital status. The overcome-behavior by loading is discussed as one possible cause of the found correlations. That's why family and social support has got a preventive consequence.
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PMID:[Health behavior and cardiovascular risk factors in females in relation to their marital status]. 219 2

Metabolic diseases, such as obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, type I and type II diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, are among the main risk factors for the development of atherothrombosis. Various abnormalities of the hemostatic system (platelet hyperaggregability, hypercoagulability, and hypofibrinolysis) have been described in all these situations. The individual effect of each of these disease on the hemostatic system is difficult to evaluate because these states are often associated in the same patient and the treatment of one can benefit the others. Therefore it may be queried if a common abnormality of these pathologic states might explain their impact on the cardiovascular system. We have been interested by hyperinsulinemia, which is observed in obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, type II diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia, and we have shown a very strong correlation between plasma insulin, body mass index, triglyceride levels, and one of the main inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Partial correlation analysis showed that only the correlation between insulin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was independent. Therefore a high plasma insulin level could be responsible for elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, which by inducing an hypofibrinolysis, could play a role in the deposition of fibrin and the development of atherothrombosis. The description of some interrelations between metabolic diseases and hemostasis is satisfactory but does not exclude specific effects of these diseases on hemostasis, such as glycation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in diabetes or toxic action of lipoprotein on endothelial cells in hyperlipoproteinemia.
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PMID:Interrelations between carbohydrates, lipids, and the hemostatic system in relation to the risk of thrombotic and cardiovascular disease. 219 2

The authors present an up-to-date review on etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Theories of etiology of atherosclerosis are described: response-to-injury hypothesis, lipid deposition hypothesis, lysosome hypothesis, encrustation hypothesis, mural thrombi hypothesis, monoclonal and clonal senescence hypothesis. The role of endothelial injury and platelet adhesion as well as smooth muscle cells proliferation due to these events, their growth control and the role of macrophages in atherogenesis are explained thoroughly. Special attention is focused on the interaction of arterial cells and lipoproteins at sites of vessel injury, lipid metabolism of the lesion and on synergy of arterial injury caused by various injury mechanisms and hypercholesterolemia in atherogenesis. Atherosclerotic risk factors and their impact on atherogenesis are discussed as well (e.g. hyperlipoproteinemia, hypertension, tobacco smoking, diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance, gout, obesity, menopause and oral contraceptives, diminished physical activity, type A of personality behavior etc.). The possibilities of regression or reversal of ateromatous plaques are presented too.
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PMID:[Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. II. Etiopathogenic mechanisms and risk factors]. 223 16

Homozygosity for the apolipoprotein (apo) E variant apoE2(158 Arg----Cys) invariably gives rise to dysbetalipoproteinemia, and when associated with obesity or a gene for hyperlipidemia, results in type III hyperlipoproteinemia. The association of the E2/2 phenotype with type IV/V hyperlipoproteinemia rather than type III hyperlipoproteinemia in identical twin brothers led us to investigate the primary structure of their apoE. Lipoprotein electrophoresis on agarose gels confirmed the presence of increased very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons but little, if any, beta-VLDL, indicating that these subjects did not have dysbetalipoproteinemia. When the apoE from these twins was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on a system that can distinguish apoE2(158 Arg----Cys) from all other known apoE variants, it gave rise to two components. One had the unique mobility of apoE2(158 Arg----Cys), and one migrated in the position of the other variants of apoE (and normal apoE3), indicating that the brothers were heterozygous for apoE2(158 Arg----Cys) and a second apoE2 isoform. Cysteamine modification and isoelectric focusing showed that, like apoE2(158 Arg----Cys), the second apoE2 isoform also contained two cysteine residues. The structural mutation in the second apoE2 isoform was determined by peptide sequencing. Like normal apoE3, this variant had arginine at position 158, but differed from apoE3 by the substitution of cysteine for arginine at position 228. Total apoE isolated from the brothers had the same receptor-binding activity in a competitive binding assay as a 1:1 mixture of normal apoE3 and apoE2(158 Arg----Cys).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Apolipoprotein E2-Dunedin (228 Arg replaced by Cys): an apolipoprotein E2 variant with normal receptor-binding activity. 234 12

Diabetes mellitus is the most frequent endogenous cause of fat metabolism-disorder. In diabetics the risk for arteriosclerosis is significantly higher and the clinical significance of hyperlipidemia should be estimated more serious as in non-diabetics. The predominant abnormality of fat metabolism in diabetes is hypertriglyceridemia due to an increase of triglyceride-carrying lipoproteins, the chylomicrons and the very-low-density lipoproteins. In type I-diabetics the decisive pathogenetic factor for hypertriglyceridemia is the impaired degradation of VLDL and the reduced chylomicron-clearance, caused by decreased activity of the lipoproteinlipase. In ketoacidosis there is an additional increase in hepatic VLDL-triglyceride-production due to increased lipolysis with elevated free-fatty-acid flux. Total cholesterol in type I-diabetics is only significantly elevated when metabolic control is poor, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-)-cholesterol-levels can be increased and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-)cholesterol decreased in dependence on the metabolic control. In type II-diabetics the decisive pathogenetic factor for hypertriglyceridemia is increased VLDL-triglyceride-synthesis in the liver especially due to augmented free-fatty-acid flux. Additionally the activity of the lipoproteinlipase can be reduced. Usually in non-insulin-dependent diabetics LDL-cholesterol-levels can be seen elevated and HDL-cholesterol-concentration decreased in correlation with the metabolic control. Primary hyperlipoproteinemia appears frequently in diabetics, but this can be explained by the association with obesity in type II-diabetics.
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PMID:[Disorders of lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus]. 269 31

The fertile woman is generally protected by her hormone status from myocardial infarct. Since the introduction of oral contraceptives, however, isolated cases of myocardial infarct have been observed in young women. Although some authors have assigned a causal effect to oral contraceptives, other studies have indicated a simultaneous occurrence of such risk factors as smoking, high blood pressure and hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP). In this study 68 women who had undergone definite myocardial infarct and who had not reached 49 years of age or menopause were studied for the occurrence of these risk factors. None of the patients were found to be without other risk factors. Oral contraceptives, carbohydrate intolerance, hyperuricemia and obesity were never observed as single risk factors. High blood pressure and obesity affected 2 out of 5 under 40 years old, 4 out of 5 between 40-44 years, and 17 out of 18 between 45-49 years. The combination of carbohydrate intolerance and obesity rose in the 3 age groups from 1 in 5 to 2 in 5 to 10 in 18. 86% of the patients with body weight 120% of normal also had high blood pressure. Obesity was always associated with other risk factors among these patients. With a prevalence of 38%, diabetes was an important factor in the 45-49 year group. Before prescribing oral contraceptives, the physician should always determine the presence of other factors such as smoking, HLP, diabetes and obesity and attempt to remove these factors before proceeding with oral contraception.
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PMID:[Profile of cardiovascular risk factors in females with a definitive myocardial infarct up to 49 years of age]. 272 60

Muscle and fat development are regulated by opposite and also cooperating factors. Adipo-muscular ratio is the result of those forces. The need of a determined fat mass and of its corollary a determined muscle mass is an important physiologic parameter. Sexual differentiation is the main factor adipo-muscular ratio. Feminine fat is twice as big as masculine fat: it predominates in the lower body, masculine fat in the upper body. Brachio-femoral adipo-muscular ratio is, among others, a good index of fat sexual differentiation. Android obesity, predominating in both sexes in the upper body, is, with genetic predispositions, the main factor of non insulin dependent diabetes carbohydrate sensitive hyperlipoproteinemia, hyperuricemia, atherosclerosis. Easy determination on fat topography before the age of 30 is, particularly in women, the best tool for an efficacious prophylaxis of obesity's metabolic complications.
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PMID:[Sexual differentiation of the adipose tissue-muscle ratio. Its metabolic impact]. 276 1

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the relationship between apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism and plasma lipid profiles and the frequency of hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) in obesity. Eighty-seven obese subjects with 131 percent of ideal body weight (mean) were studied. One hundred and thirty-two nonobese subjects with 105 percent of ideal body weight were also selected as the controls. There was no significant difference in apo E allele and phenotype frequencies between the obese and nonobese subjects. The frequency of HLP was 100 percent in obese subjects with apo E2 and/or apo E4, whereas it was 47.3 percent in obese subjects with the common apo E3/3 phenotype. In obesity apo E2 was associated with increased plasma triglyceride (TG) and apo E, and decreased plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (type III and IV HLP), whereas apo E4 was associated with increased plasma TG, total cholesterol, and apo E (type IIa, IIb, IV and V HLP). These results indicate that obese subjects with apo E2 and/or E4 were more susceptible to HLP than obese subjects with the common apo E3/3 phenotype. It is concluded that apo E2 and/or E4 are closely related to HLP in obesity and thus may be one factor linking obesity with cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and hyperlipoproteinemia in obesity. 279 98


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