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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nutrient requirements do not change markedly with advancing age, but life style, socioeconomic status, psychologic changes, and the presence of chronic disease alter nutrient intake in the elderly. It is important to recognize and deal with these factors in attempting to correct malnutrition and in prescribing dietary treatment. Malnutrition includes a variety of disorders: undernutrition, nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, and obesity. Frequent small feedings, with nutritional supplements for patients with profound weight loss, are the initial treatment for undernutrition. Iron supplements and a diet of foods rich in iron and in promoting iron absorption are required in treating iron deficiency anemia. Management of macrocytic anemia should include specific nutrient therapy plus improvement of diet to include leafy vegetables and animal foodstuffs. Diet is an important adjunct in treating chronic diseases. Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus often can be managed by diet alone, with attention to correct proportions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein and to the decreased caloric requirements of elderly patients. The importance of continuing dietary modifications in hyperlipidemia and hypertension is well known. Although dietary manipulation in osteoporosis is not curative, a diet high in calcium and containing adequate floride and vitamin D affords maximum dietary protection against progress of the disease.
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PMID:Guidelines for maintaining adequate nutrition in old age. 64 78

In 70 obese women no correlation was found between body weight and serum cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations, but there was a significant correlation between weight and blood pressure. Weight reduction by diet or jejunoileal shunt was not accompanied by any significant change in serum lipid concentrations other than the decrease in serum cholesterol expected after intestinal bypass. Twelve months after bypass surgery was carried out on 14 patients, however, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced and at levels appropriate to the patients' new weights. These results suggest that obesity in women cannot be taken to indicate the presence of hyperlipidaemia and that sustained weight loss may lower blood pressure.
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PMID:Serum lipid concentrations and blood pressure in obese women. 65 78

A series of 35 xenon-133 (133Xe) ventilation studies yielded nine cases demonstrating accumulation of activity in the liver. Maximum intrahepatic deposition of radioxenon occurred during the washout phase of the study. In addition to those clinical instances which make this phenomenon possible, i.e., obesity, alcoholic-induced liver steatosis and diabetes mellitus, we found that hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease also favor xenon-133 localization into the hepatic parenchyma. It is concluded that the lipid avidity of 133Xe facilitates its liver accumulation hyperlipidemic patients and in patients with coronary artery disease, and that this action may be explored to further understand deranged metabolic pathways in the liver of these patients. Hepatic accumulation of 133Xe during ventilation studies must be considered when assessing regional ventilation/perfusion relationships.
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PMID:Implications of liver activity associated with 133Xe ventilation lung scans. 67 63

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains an uncommon disorder in the South African Black population. It has been suggested that herein lies an enigma, since it is believed that these people are considerably exposed to the conventional risk factors for CHD. To test this belief I have assessed the exposure of Black people, in time and degree, to the following CHD risk factors: affluence, age, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, dietary excess, smoking, physical inactivity, diabetes, obesity, hyperuricaemia and hyperinsulinism. Among males only hypertension, and among females only hypertension and obesity, emerged as prominent factors. However, neither of these is significantly atherogenic in the social, nutritional and metabolic milieu in which Blacks generally live, and obesity is a doubtful atherogenic factor, even in westernized populations. It is therefore concluded that the rarity of CHD in Blacks is not enigmatic, but is appropriate to their environmental circumstances.
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PMID:The rarity of coronary heart disease in South African blacks. 69 6

We have estimated rates of fatty acid synthesis from glucose carbon and from all 2-carbon units in liver and carcass of mice using [U-14C] glucose and 3H2O under four different nutritional states. The liver synthesized only a small fraction (2--9%) of the fatty acids that were formed from glucose carbon in mice that were fasted 24 hr, fasted--refed, or fed ad libitum. However, in fed-refed mice, the liver's role increased and now accounted for 40% of the fatty acids that were formed from glucose carbon. Under the latter conditions (fed-refed), the liver synthesized 50% of the fatty acids that were formed from all 2-carbon units. At least five-sixths of all the fatty acids synthesized de novo in the fed-refed mouse were derived from carbon fed in the glucose test meal. These studies, in contrast to most earlier studies, provide direct evidence in mice of the major contribution that dietary carbohydrate makes, especially in the liver, to the synthesis of fatty acids. In addition, we have shown that lipogenic inhibition (fasting) and activation (feeding) are most marked in liver and greater for glucose than for non-glucose-carbon. Possible implications for dietary control of carbohydrate-induced hyperlipemia and obesity are discussed.
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PMID:Re-evaluation of lipogenesis from dietary glucose carbon in liver and carcass of mice. 71 47

Despite frequently good early successes the several therapeutic methods of obesity show in general unsatisfactory long-term results with large numbers of recidivations. Considering non-existing causal-therapeutic possibilities in the present paper in reported on a complex and differentiated therapeutic programme in 549 obese persons. After an initial subtotal fasting cure of ca. 100 kcal/a day with gradual increase of diet in more than half the obese persons an additional differentiated pharmacotherapy was performed. The indications resulted above all from the frequent syntropy with diabetes mellitus (28%), arterial hypertension (23%) and hyperlipidaemia (14%). In 122 test persons (adipose patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia and extremely obese patients without essential factors of risk, respectively) a treatment with 2 x 50 microgram tri-iodothyronine--partly in combination with diuretics--was performed in intermittent and gradually decreasing dosage. Apart from a vast normalisation of the lipid parameters a reduction of weight from 32.6 +/- 14.8 kg could be achieved after 31 +/- 14 months. Of 131 adipose hypertensive patients 74 received additionally diuretics on account of increased water retention with also good long-term results concerning the reduction of weight and normalisation of blood pressure. The biguanides were a therapeutic enrichment particularly in the treatment of adipose elderly diabetics with obligatory diet. Apart from an improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance regularly a more intensive reduction of weight was obtained.
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PMID:[Indications and results of an additional differentiated pharmacotherapy of obesity]. 73 44

Diabetes mellitus occurs in many animals species. However, only a few have been utilized in systematic studies designed to answer unsolved problems associated with the disorder in man such as molecular basis, pathogenesis of the vascular and neural lesions, and the roles of diet, exercise and obesity. Among the animal models available, rodents have been studied most thoroughly for a number of reasons: a) short generation time (sexually mature at about 3 mo of age, gestation time 21 days) and life-span is approximately 3 yr; b) hyperglycemia and/or obesity is known to be inherited in several species; c) environmental factors can be controlled easily in the laboratory because of small size; and d) economic considerations. The better-known rodent diabetes/obesity syndromes may be categorized as follows: 1) hyperglycemic with ketoacidosis, nonobese (Chinese hamster, South African hamster); 2) hyperglycemic with insulin hypersecretion, moderate obesity and may develop ketoacidosis (diabetic mouse (db/db), spiny mouse, sand rat); and 3) less pronounced hyperglycemia with hyperinsulinemia, insulin "resistance" and marked obesity (obese (ob/ob), yellow (Ay) and New Zealand obese (NZO) mice, and the Zucker "fatty" rat). The PBB/Ld mouse, described here in detail for the first time, is a new strain of mouse that also fits into the latter category. Members of this strain following maturity develop an obesity that is characterized by increasing cellularity of adipose tissue, increased serum immunoreactive insulin, reduced glucose tolerance, fatty liver, and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, this strain of mouse represents another model for study of adult onset obesity.
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PMID:Animal models of diabetes and obesity, including the PBB/Ld mouse. 77 Jan 97

In a series of 175 adult renal transplant patients 59% of patients had hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia in these patients was characterized by both hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia and on lipoprotein electrophoresis was demonstrated to be a mixture of types IIa, IIb and IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels could both be related to the dosage of prednisone these patients received. Serum triglyceride levels could further be correlated with obesity and negatively with the duration of graft function. The latter relationship was felt to reflect the lower dose of prednisone that was administered the longer the duration of graft function. Hypertriglyceridemia was more prevalent in the 47 transplant patients who received kidneys from cadaver donors than in the 128 patients who received kidneys from related-donors. The cadaver-donor renal transplant patients, however, were receiving a larger maintenance dose of corticosteroids and had had functioning transplants for a shorter period of time. In 17 patients followed for up to 20 wks immediately following transplantation both hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia developed within 8 wks of transplantation and persisted for the remaining 12 wks. Both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in this early post-transplant phase could be related to the cumulative prednisone dosage.
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PMID:Hyperlipidemia following renal transplantation. 78 85

The prevalence, nature and possible aetiology of post-transplantation hyperlipidaemia were studied in 94 renal allograft recipients. Sixty-five per cent of the group had hypercholesterolaemia or hypertriglyceridaemia, and types IIb and IV were the commonest forms of hyperlipoproteinaemia encountered. The pathogenesis of post-transplantation hyperlipidaemia is complex. Hypertriglyceridaemia was maximal in the first year after transplantation and could be correlated with high corticosteroid dosage during this period. Thereafter hypertriglyceridaemia was less marked and was related to obesity, corbohydrate intolerance and basal insulin levels. Mean cholesterol levels were elevated throughout the post-transplantation period, varied little and could not be related to corticosteroid dosage, body weight, carbohydrate intolerance, basal insulin levels or renal dysfunction.
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PMID:Hyperlipidaemia in renal transplant patients. 78 23

A distict alcoholic withdrawal syndrome in chronic alcoholics cannot only be induced upon withdrawal of alcohol or dose reduction but also occurs upon continuous and long lasting consumption of larger quantities of alcohol. In the latter case we deal with an alcoholic predelirium which is characterized by simultaneous occurence of neurologic, vegetative and gastrointestinal disturbances as well as mental symptoms like anxiety, increased irritability and disturbance of sleep. In parallel to this alcoholic withdrawal syndrome from internal medical view a characteristic symptomatology can be observed in patients with chronic alcohol abuse. In most cases younger patients are concerned who, concomitantly with predelirant symptoms frequently display a labile hyperlipidemia and additional obesity, fatty liver, hyperlipidemia and often also hyperuricemia. Based on ten typical cases the combination of symptoms as described above is introduced. This combination can according to Feuerlein be defined as "alcohol-syndrome". The difficulties of diagnosis are shown because in many cases not the alcohol abuse but primarily vegetative and other functional disturbances dominate the clinical appearance. Additionally the pathogenetic connection between the described symptoms and alcohol abuse are discussed.
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PMID:[The "alcohol-syndrome" from internal medical view (author's transl)]. 86 89


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