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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although it is well known that diabetics have high mortality rates due to ischemic heart disease (IHD), controversies still exist about the severity of coronary artery disease in diabetics compared to nondiabetics. We compared coronary arteriographies of 50 diabetics with IHD to those of 50 nondiabetics with IHD. In regard to coronary risk factors, incidence of obesity was significantly higher in diabetics. Incidence of hypertension, hypercholesteremia, hyperuricemia was higher, although not significant, in diabetics. Incidence of smoking was significantly higher in nondiabetics. The diabetic group showed a significantly higher incidence of patients with more than two or three diseased vessels, and a significantly higher number of diseased coronaries with more than 50% stenosis per patient compared to nondiabetics (5.6 +/- 3.7 vs 3.7 +/- 3.2). The distribution of diseased coronaries with more than 75% stenosis showed no difference between diabetics and nondiabetics. The incidence of coronary spasm was significantly lower in diabetics (12% vs 28%). The high incidence of multiple vessel disease in diabetics was thought to be due to other complicated coronary risk factors, especially hypertension and hypercholesteremia.
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PMID:[Coronary artery disease in diabetic patients]. 157 50

Congestive heart failure is in large part a disease of patients with advancing age. As our population ages, the incidence and prevalence of this disorder will continue to rise. The etiology of CHF in the elderly is multifactorial and one must take into account normal changes associated with aging, the heterogeneity of the elderly population, and possible noncardiac as well as cardiac disorders. Therapy must be aimed at the primary pathophysiologic process affecting the heart. Despite a number of therapeutic advances with medical therapy, CHF usually signals a generally irreversible process with a high mortality, especially in those patients with advanced disease. Therefore preventive measures should assume a paramount role in this disorder. Modification of risk factors such as diabetes, smoking, obesity, sedentary life style, and hypercholesterolemia should be aggressively stressed and pursued in patients of all ages. These preventive measures may have a substantial impact on the incidence of CHF in the elderly.
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PMID:Congestive heart failure in the elderly. 158 14

Data were collected on the nutrient intake and nutritional status of 96 single mothers and their 192 dependent children who had been displaced from their homes. The objective of the study was to provide information on the dietary adequacy of a newly identified subgroup of homeless persons, single women and their dependent children. Once situated in temporary housing, those participating in the study indicated that they believed that they were receiving sufficient food. However, a nutrient analysis found that the study subjects in all age groups were consuming less than 50 percent of the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for iron, magnesium, zinc, and folic acid. Adults were consuming less than 50 percent of the RDA for calcium. The type and amounts of fats consumed were in higher than desirable quantities for a significant number of subjects of all ages. The health risk factors of iron deficiency anemia, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia were prevalent. The findings indicate a need to examine and remedy nutrient intake deficiencies among single women who are heads of household and their dependent children in temporary housing situations. Diet-related conditions found included low nutrient intakes that may affect child growth and development, risk factors associated with chronic disease, and lack of appropriate foods and knowledge of food preparation methods in shelter situations. Applicable, understandable nutrition education should be offered mothers in shelter situations to help them make food choices at the shelter and when they become self-sufficient. Assistance programs such as the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, and food stamps, should be available to this group.
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PMID:The nutritional status and dietary adequacy of single homeless women and their children in shelters. 159 41

The evidence is growing that not only total cholesterol, but also HDL cholesterol is an important predictor of coronary heart disease. In the Framingham Study, the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio gave the best prediction for the coronary heart disease risk. With data of the Netherlands Monitoring Risk Factor Project it was investigated to what extent persons with a high ratio (greater than or equal to 7) were identified when the criteria of the Netherlands Cholesterol Consensus were applied. Between 1987 and 1989 total and HDL cholesterol were determined in about 22,000 men and women aged 20-59. Twenty per cent of the men had hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol greater than or equal to 6.5 mmol/l). Of the hypercholesterolaemic men, 60 per cent did not have a high total/HDL cholesterol ratio. Eighteen per cent of the women were hypercholesterolaemic. Of all hypercholesterolaemic women, 80 per cent did not have a high total/HDL cholesterol ratio. Therefore, it is important that after a first screening on total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol is measured at the second cholesterol determination. Subsequently, a decision about treatment should be made, based on the total/HDL cholesterol ratio and the presence of other risk factors (hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes and a family history of cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:[The importance of HDL-cholesterol level determination in the classification of persons at increased risk of coronary heart disease]. 160 47

It is highly probable that the menopause, spontaneous or above all artificially induced, is a cardiovascular risk factor. However, it is less important than other conditions (hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia) with which it is often associated and which it may favourise or worsen. In this respect, hormone replacement therapy is probably beneficial, probably by an action on the arterial endothelium itself, and certainly by opposing the factors which favourise the development of atheroma (metabolic and hemostasis disorders). Its aims and techniques, and hence its cardiovascular consequences, are very different from those of hormonal contraception, with which it must neither be compared nor confused. It would be reasonable, on the basis of these advantages, to extend the indications of post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy to an increasing number of women and for a longer period.
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PMID:[Cardiovascular risk after menopause]. 161 97

The case of a 64-year old pair of monozygotic male twins with atherosclerotic disease of the iliaca arteries is described and the related literature dealing with the genetics of atherosclerosis is reviewed. Both patients had corresponding clinical history and physical findings and showed an almost identically localised and a high degree of stenosis of the right iliac artery of similar appearance. In both cases percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was performed prior to placement of Plamaz stents. The well-known risk factors of atherosclerosis are hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical inactivity, and psychosocial influences. However, a number of atherosclerotic lesions cannot be accounted for solely on the basis of current knowledge of these risk factors. The reported case produces evidence of genetic factors as contributing components in the pathogenesis of established atherosclerotic disease.
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PMID:[Genetic disposition of atherosclerosis? Case report of a monozygotic pair of twins]. 161 Sep 30

Very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) are effective at reducing weight, even in patients who have often failed with conventional diets. Maintaining weight lost by means of a VLCD remains a clinical challenge. Attempts to prevent weight regain by dietary reeducation or by more formal behavior-modification techniques are not easily applicable to large numbers of patients and are not always successful; the use of drugs to maintain and improve upon initial VLCD success could be of real clinical value. Pharmacological treatment of obesity has evolved in recent years with the development and licensing of potent serotonin agonists, such as dexfenfluramine (dF), acting as nonstimulant anorectic agents. Thermogenic drugs are not yet as advanced in clinical development and evaluation but offer the prospect of increasing energy output in the reduced obese patient. Drugs used to treat obesity need to be effective, to be safe, not to exhibit drug tolerance, and ideally, to be shown to reduce morbidity or mortality from obesity, particularly because treatment will need to be prolonged. Such requirements are not unique for treating obesity, they are similar for drugs used to treat other metabolic diseases such as hypercholesterolemia or diabetes. VLCD followed by dF has been shown to be effective. A double-blind trial randomized 45 patients who had successfully completed 8 wk of treatment on the Cambridge diet to either placebo or dF 15 mg twice daily for 26 wk. Patients continued on a diet giving 60-75% of daily energy needs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Drug therapy after very-low-calorie diets. 161 83

A total of 1470 students in Berlin, Germany, between the ages of 7 and 22 years were screened for cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, smoking habits, and a positive family history. Only 56% had no modifiable risk factor; however, 16% showed total cholesterol (TC) levels of 200 mg/dl. 1% experienced severe and 11% experienced borderline hypertension. In addition, 21% were overweight, and 27% of the adolescents (or+ 15 years of age) admitted to regular smoking. In this paper, the authors focus on cholesterol findings in this study; i.e., the dependence of TC on sex, age,weight, and use of oral contraceptives (OCs). There was an age dependency in both sexes. In boys, the lowest TC levels were seen in the 12-17 year group, whereas those under age 10 had the highest. In those over age 17, TC was higher than among the younger group. In girls, the age dependency of the TC levels was similar, but less pronounced. The minimum level was reached earlier, among those aged 14-15, rather than among those aged 16-17. TC levels in girls as compared to boys were significantly higher in those aged 12-13 and 16-17. Girls who used OCs experienced significantly higher TC levels. Obesity had no influence on TC. These results support the demand for screening for cardiovascular risk factors in children.
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PMID:Cardiovascular risk factors in schoolchildren. 161 98

The aim of the present study was to evaluate a number of parameters in a group of patients with essential hypertension and then compare the results with those in a group of healthy normotensive subjects. One hundred and fifty-six patients with essential hypertension (EH) in the non-complicated form (73 males, 83) females; mean age: 54.8 +/- 0.9 years) were selected and compared with 150 normotensive subjects matched for age and sex. After a 2-week period of wash-out during which patients followed a diet with normal sodium and calorie content, body mass index, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (AP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate in clino- and orthostatism were measured and blood was collected to assay glycemia, total cholesterolemia, LDL and HDL cholesterolemia and triglycerides. In the group of patients suffering from EH all the above parameters were found to be significantly higher than in normotensive control subjects. In particular, in the hypertensive population the prevalence of obesity was 21.3%, hyperglycemia 26.9%, hypercholesterolemia 65.1% and smoking 36.4%. When the possible relation between one or more risk factors and AP values was assessed, it was found that in hypertensive patients the presence of hyperglycemia alone or in association with other metabolic disorders led to the highest MAP findings. Moreover, having studied the correlation rate of the various parameters, it was seen that in both the hypertensive and normotensive populations systolic AP measured in clinostatism positively correlated with glycemia, total cholesterolemia, and age, whereas correlations were not found between clinostatic diastolic AP and the above parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Metabolic changes in the patient with essential hypertension]. 163 Jun 76

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in the western countries at the same time they are beginning to appear with increasing frequency in developing countries. An epidemiologic study was carried out at Kalaa Kebira (Sousse-Tunisia) to determine the prevalence of the different risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. The study was performed on a representative sample of 555 adults of 20 years and more (response rate of 76%). There was a high proportion of adult males smokers (66%). The prevalence of hypertension varied from 15% to 25%, those of diabetes was 6.5%. An hypercholesterolemia greater than 6.2 mmole/l was observed for 12% of the sample and obesity for 20%.
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PMID:[Risk factors in cardiovascular diseases in a semi-urban community of the Tunisian Sahel]. 163 75


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