Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Anthropometric data, nutrient intake data, and blood biochemical parameters were analyzed for 66 elementary school children living in Tokyo, Japan, and their nutritional status was evaluated focusing on three problems: (1) zinc nutriture and growth, (2) anemia with iron deficiency, and (3) lipid nutriture and obesity. The subjects' mean energy and protein intakes met the recommended levels for Japanese children. However, their zinc intake levels were inadequate at 7.2, 8.3, and 8.5 mg in grades 2 (mean age: 8 yr), 4 (10 yr), and 6 (12 yr), respectively. Mean serum zinc concentration was 0.82 +/- 0.15 microgram/ml; the percentages of subjects who showed serum zinc concentration lower than 0.68 microgram/ml, the lower limit of the normal serum zinc concentration, were 28.6, 15.4, and 5.0% in grades 2, 4, and 6, respectively. These serum zinc concentrations indicated the existence of marginal zinc deficiency in some children, particularly in grade 2, though it was not severe enough to retard growth. Their iron intake levels (8.2, 10.2, and 10.2 mg for grades 2, 4, and 6, respectively) in combination with the proportion of iron intake from animal foods (37%) were judged to be adequate because no children showed serum ferritin, serum iron, or transferrin saturation levels lower than the criteria levels recommended for iron deficiency. Moreover, no definitely anemic children were found. Daily lipid intakes were 65.7, 74.5, and 78.3 g in grades 2, 4, and 6, respectively, and the mean percentage of energy intake from lipid to total energy intake, 32%, exceeded the level recommended. Mean serum total cholesterol concentrations and the percentage of subjects with elevated cholesterol levels (greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl) were high compared with the reported values. Means of the body mass index (BMI) and Rohrer Index (RI) for the subjects were slightly higher than Japanese standards. With these parameters for obesity, triglycerides and atherogenic index were positively correlated and HDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol percentage to total cholesterol were negatively correlated.
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PMID:Nutritional assessment of a group of Japanese elementary school children in Tokyo: with special emphasis on growth, anemia, and obesity. 150 23

We tested the hypothesis that hypercorticosteronemia causes the hypercholesterolemia in young developing "fatty" rats. Obesity induced increases in corticosterone. Insulin, glucose, body weight, average daily food intake, plasma triglyceride, plasma phospholipids, liver weight, liver triglyceride, various adipose tissue parameters, and liver hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity were all ameliorated by adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomy exacerbated the hypercholesterolemia in obese animals and induced it in lean rats. Changes or lack of change in hepatic microsomal cholesterol, HMG-CoA reductase, and 7 alpha-hydroxylase, combined with the adrenalectomy-induced curtailment of tissue storage of cholesterol in adipose tissue, all contribute to the hypercholesterolemia caused by adrenalectomy. We suggest a mechanism whereby this may be related to elevated hepatic very low-density lipoprotein secretion rates. The elevated HMG-CoA reductase activity in obese rats results from the lower liver microsomal free cholesterol content. We conclude that the absence of glucocorticoids does not directly reduce plasma cholesterol in obese Zucker rats. The surprising elevation of cholesterol by adrenalectomy is due to other prevailing mechanisms in liver and adipose tissue, which curtail their capacity to store cholesterol.
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PMID:Is there a role for the adrenals in the development of hypercholesterolemia in Zucker fatty rats? 151 9

Known risk factors for coronary artery disease are very common in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort, in spite of the fact that the average patients age is only 38.3 years. Three or more known risk factors were found in 53% of patients. Risk factors for CAD were common even in patients not on a regimen of prednisone therapy during their cohort follow-up. Hypercholesterolemia increased significantly with greater average prednisone dose. Despite the frequency of risk factors, patients' awareness of the risk of CAD was low, with only 16.9% of patients believing they were at high risk for developing CAD within 5 years. In general, awareness of individual risk factors was lower in black than in white patients with SLE. Preventive practices were most commonly addressed towards hypertension. Preventive practices directed against obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking were underutilized. Whether these known risk factors are sufficient in and of themselves to explain the high frequency of CAD in the cohort (8%) or whether they are "enabling" factors acting upon endothelium damaged by immune-complex disease cannot be addressed by this study. However, both further investigation of these risk factors and attention to lifestyle and pharmacologic approaches to risk factor reduction are indicated by this study.
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PMID:Coronary artery disease risk factors in the Johns Hopkins Lupus Cohort: prevalence, recognition by patients, and preventive practices. 152 5

The prevalences of risk factors and angiopathy were studied in 260 diabetic patients, 100 females and 160 males, 35-54 years old, in Uppsala. The prevalence, in females and males separately, of hypertension (WHO-criteria) was 46-34%, of hypercholesterolaemia (greater than or equal to 6.7 mmol.l-1) 32-29%, and of obesity (relative BMI greater than or equal to 120%) 25-20%. Those smoking greater than 15 cigarettes/day were 11-20%. Mean HbA1 was 10.6-10.5%. The prevalence of angina pectoris was 11-6%, of possible infarction 4-6%, and of major ECG abnormalities 6-4%. Large vessel (cardiovascular) disease was independently related to HbA1 (strongly), hypertension, cholesterol, age and familial NIDDM. The prevalence of severe retinopathy (blindness, new vessels or large hemorrhage) was 0% with 7-13 years of diabetes duration, and 26% with greater than or equal to 14 years of duration. The prevalence of severe proteinuria was 4% with 7-13 years of diabetes duration, and 15% with greater than or equal to 14 years of duration. Small vessel (retinopathy and nephropathy) disease was independently related to diabetes duration (strongly), HbA1 and hypertension. The data were discussed related to data from the London, Berlin and Tokyo centres of the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetics, using the same study protocol in the present study.
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PMID:Prevalences of risk factors and angiopathy in diabetic patients in Uppsala. 152 37

In order to evaluate whether plasma beta-thromboglobulin (as a marker of the degree of platelet function) in patients presenting clinically evident atherosclerosis is related to the presence or absence of different risk factors (smoking habit, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, hyperuricemia, alcoholism), 40 patients have been studied in whom mean beta-thromboglobulin levels was 54 +/- 25.56 ng/ml, which is very superior to levels considered normal. However, the presence of one or more risk factors did not lead to significant variations in b-thromboglobulin concentrations, and no differences were found either when each risk factor was considered separately. The positive correlation (r = 0.98; p less than 0.01) between beta-thromboglobulin and apo B levels is highlighted. The results suggest that platelet hyperfunction seems to be due to a greater extent to the atherosclerotic process rather than to the existence of a particular risk factor.
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PMID:[Beta-thromboglobulin levels and atherosclerosis. Its relationship with the presence of risk factors]. 153 62

Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for cerebro- and cardiovascular diseases was studied in a long-term prospective population survey which has been carried out in a Japanese rural community, Hisayama. In this population, the incidence of thrombotic brain infarction (TBI) was much higher than that of coronary heart disease (CHD) over a 26-year follow-up period. Cigarette smoking was strongly related to the occurrence of CHD but not to TBI. Comparing the incidence of CHD and TBI between first or early cohort (1961-74) and second or recent cohort (1974-87) during the 13-year follow-up, the incidence remained unchanged for CHD, while it significantly decreased for TBI in recent population. The prevalence of cigarette smoking as well as hypertension decreased in recent years, while hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and glucose intolerance increased. Smoking is a major contributor to CHD for men in both cohorts, but it is not any more for women in the recent cohort.
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PMID:Smoking as cardiovascular risk factor in low cholesterol population: the Hisayama Study. 154 Oct 49

Altered lipoprotein composition may be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than modestly increased serum lipid concentrations, although possible interactions between lipoprotein composition, obesity, and insulinemia have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the association between different measures of insulinemia and lipoproteins in 297 healthy Caucasian men (body mass index [BMI] less than 27 in 233, greater than 27 [obese] in 64) and 295 healthy Caucasian women (BMI less than 25 in 198, greater than 25 [obese] in 97). Associations observed in both obese and nonobese men and women were between increasing tertiles of most insulin measures and serum triglyceride concentrations (p = 0.079-0.004) and the ratio of low density lipoprotein to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.094-0.008). Graded reductions in the high density lipoprotein cholesterol to apolipoprotein A-I ratio were also recorded in obese women, with increasing tertiles of fasting (p = 0.014-0.007) and postglucose load (p = 0.001) serum insulin levels, after correcting for BMI and triglyceride concentrations. Less marked graded increases in the triglyceride to apolipoprotein B ratios were recorded in obese women with increasing tertiles of fasting (p = 0.001-0.006) and postglucose challenge (p = 0.081) insulinemic measures. In men with normal or slightly elevated cholesterol levels (fasting serum cholesterol less than 6.5 mmol/l), hyperapobetalipoproteinemia was recorded with increasing tertiles of insulinemia (p = 0.006, correcting for BMI and triglyceride concentrations), as well as in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (fasting serum triglycerides greater than 1.70 mmol/l) (p = 0.004, correcting for BMI and age). Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are associated with altered lipoprotein composition in obese women, presumably reflecting a complex interplay between sex hormones, body mass, and insulin action. Insulin resistance appears to be more associated with apolipoprotein B concentrations in men. The hyperinsulinemic nondiabetic subject may be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease because of altered concentrations of apolipoprotein concentrations and lipoprotein composition.
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PMID:Relation between insulinemia, body mass index, and lipoprotein composition in healthy, nondiabetic men and women. 154 96

Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase have been approved for treatment of hypercholesterolemia in humans. This class of therapeutic agents, in addition to lowering plasma cholesterol, reduces plasma triglyceride levels. We have investigated the mechanism of triglyceride-lowering effect of lovastatin in the hypertriglyceridemic state by using a rodent model of hypertriglyceridemia and obesity, the Zucker obese (fa/fa) rat. Lovastatin treatment (4 mg/kg), as compared to placebo, caused a 338% reduction in plasma triglyceride (146 +/- 5 vs. 494 +/- 76 mg/dl), a 58% decrease in total cholesterol (99 +/- 13 vs. 156 +/- 18 mg/dl), and a 67% reduction in high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (69 +/- 8 vs. 115 +/- 15 mg/dl). The fall seen in plasma triglyceride was due to a decrease in hepatic secretion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), determined after blocking the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins with Triton WR-1339. Lovastatin treatment did not affect either the activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, or malic enzyme, or the activities of the lipolytic enzymes of adipose tissue, lipoprotein lipase, or liver, hepatic triglyceride lipase. Supplementation of mevalonolactone in the diet partially reversed the changes in plasma triglyceride (265 +/- 37 vs. 146 +/- 5 mg/dl), but not in total or HDL-cholesterol. These data demonstrate that, in the hypertriglyceridemic Zucker rat model, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce the rate of secretion of VLDL and this effect can be partially reversed by administration of mevalonolactone.
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PMID:Mechanisms of triglyceride-lowering effect of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor in a hypertriglyceridemic animal model, the Zucker obese rat. 155 26

In a group of 2000 Prague children aged 11-12 years the distribution of serum cholesterol levels was assessed. For further investigations 100 children with cholesterol levels above the 95th percentile (HYPER) were selected and 100 children with values between the 5th and 10th percentile (HYPO). Children and parents were subjected to detailed clinical and laboratory examination, in children the three-day dietary intake was assessed. Boys of the HYPER group had significantly higher LDL, HDL and VLDL cholesterol levels as well as levels of apolipoprotein B and less favourable values of the atherogenic index (AI). Girls of the HYPER group had significantly higher mean values of LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B and also less favourable values of the AI. In the group HYPER children no abnormalities were detected in the carbohydrate metabolism nor a higher incidence of obesity although they differed significantly from children in the HYPO group as regards parameters of the lipid spectrum. The energy value of the consumed diet of children in the HYPER and HYPO group does not differ significantly. Although in boys of the HYPER group there was a higher ratio of total fat and animal fat (p less than 0.05), neither the percentage ratio of fatty acids nor the P:S ratio differed significantly in children of the HYPER and HYPO group. Parents of children of the HYPER group had significantly higher mean cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, LDL cholesterol values and less favourable values of the atherogenic index than parents of children of the HYPO group. The incidence of hypercholesterolaemia in the families of these children was also significantly higher.
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PMID:[Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in children in relation to their dietary habits and parental blood cholesterol]. 155 69

Changes of platelet aggregation in relation to macroangiopathy and to some of its risk factors were observed in microangiopathy-free, well-controlled type 1 diabetic males. Platelet aggregate ratio was generally lower in patients (n = 77) than in age-matched healthy subjects (n = 48). In the absence of cigarette smoking, hypertension, obesity and hypercholesterolemia (n = 25) in vitro platelet hyperaggregation was found induced with epinephrine, collagen or arachidonic acid, and to a lesser degree with ADP. There was no change in the presence of at least one risk factor in addition to diabetes (n = 29), but there was a further significant increase in platelet aggregation when overt coronary, cerebral or peripheral artery disease was present (n = 23).
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PMID:Platelet function in male diabetics with and without macrovascular complications. 156 30


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