Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The gallbladder and biliary system were scanned by real-time ultrasound in 2274 patients undergoing diagnostic ultrasound for other than gallbladder disease. Patients (212) with previous gallbladder symptoms or with nonvisualization of their gallbladder were excluded from the study. Obesity is the most important risk factor for the development of asymptomatic gallstones in women (P less than .01), although it is not a significant factor in men. Increasing age is an important risk factor for both sexes, and the only significant risk factor in men (P less than .01). While few men have asymptomatic gallstones before the age of 40, 5% of women aged 20-29 and 9% aged 30-39 do. In the 40 and over age group, men (14%) and women (11%) had insignificantly different prevalences. In women, the number of previous pregnancies is a significant risk factor (chi-square = 5.4, P = .02). For instance, there is a 3%, 8%, and 17% overall frequency of gallstones in women with 0, 3, and 6 or more previous pregnancies, respectively. A stepwise logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for age, body mass index, and for women, number of pregnancies, found no significant increased risk related to race (P = .40), high blood pressure (P = .43), heart disease (P = .47), or diabetes (P = .46). After age adjustment, there is no significant gender effect (P = .25). Asymptomatic gallstones are a relatively common occurrence in men over 40 and women over 30. While age is the only significant risk factor in men, obesity, parity, and to a lesser extent age were significant risk factors in women.
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PMID:The prevalence of asymptomatic gallstones in the general population. 174 17

Children with Down syndrome have many predisposing factors for the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), yet the type and severity of OSAS in this population has not been characterized. Fifty-three subjects with Down syndrome (mean age 7.4 +/- 1.2 [SE] years; range 2 weeks to 51 years) were studied. Chest wall movement, heart rate, electroculogram, end-tidal PO2 and PCO2, transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2, and arterial oxygen saturation were measured during a daytime nap polysomnogram. Sixteen of these children also underwent overnight polysomnography. Nap polysomnograms were abnormal in 77% of children; 45% had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 4% had central apnea, and 6% had mixed apneas; 66% had hypoventilation (end-tidal PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg) and 32% desaturation (arterial oxygen saturation less than 90%). Overnight studies were abnormal in 100% of children, with OSA in 63%, hypoventilation in 81%, and desaturation in 56%. Nap studies significantly underestimated the presence of abnormalities when compared to overnight polysomnograms. Seventeen (32%) of the children were referred for testing because OSAS was clinically suspected, but there was no clinical suspicion of OSAS in 36 (68%) children. Neither age, obesity, nor the presence of congenital heart disease affected the incidence of OSA, desaturation, or hypoventilation. Polysomnograms improved in all 8 children who underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, but they normalized in only 3. It is concluded that children with Down syndrome frequently in have OSAS, with OSA, hypoxemia, and hypoventilation. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is seen frequently in those children in whom it is not clinically suspected. It is speculated that OSAS may contribute to the unexplained pulmonary hypertension seen in children with Down syndrome.
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PMID:Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome. 182 51

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is one of the less common but ominous risk factors for coronary disease, stroke and cardiac failure. The chief determinants of LVH, aside from age, are elevated blood pressure, obesity, stature and glucose intolerance. Cardiac valve disease and chronic heart disease (CHD) also cause LVH. Downward trends in the prevalence of LVH over four decades indicate that LVH is preventable, and this has coincided with improved hypertension control. When evidence of LVH disappears, the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and CHD mortality is substantially reduced. Cardiovascular events occur incrementally in relation to left ventricular mass with no discernible critical value identifying pathological hypertrophy. LVH as evidenced by electrocardiogram (ECG-LVH), manifested by repolarization abnormality as well as increased voltage, was a lethal finding; with 5 years, 33% of men and 21% of women were dead. ECG-LVH was associated with ventricular ectopy and a sudden death risk comparable to that of CHD or cardiac failure. ECG-LVH was associated with a 3-15-fold increase of cardiovascular events with greatest risk ratios for cardiac failure and stroke. However, CHD is the predominant clinical sequel. No other risk factor approaches LVH in potency. Anatomical (echocardiographic or X-ray) LVH and ECG-LVH each independently contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease, and having both confers a greater risk than having either alone. LVH is a clinical finding which should be taken seriously and corrected as soon as detected. It should not be regarded as an innocuous adaptive process, augmenting cardiac function.
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PMID:Left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor: the Framingham experience. 183 65

Between the years 1979 and 1981, Louisiana ranked 7th in average annual coronary heart disease (CHD) death rate among white women and 6th among black women, age 35 to 74 years. Nationally, death in women due to CHD is 250,000 deaths per year, mainly in women over 50 years of age. That is approximately one half of all deaths due to heart disease in the United States. Risk factors for CHD in women are those which are shared with men, eg, smoking, hypertension, plasma lipoprotein concentrations, obesity, diabetes, and family history, and those which apply solely to women, eg, contraceptive use, menopause, and postmenopausal hormones. The purpose of this manuscript is to review current knowledge regarding CHD in women.
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PMID:Cardiovascular disease in women: an update. 186 Oct 94

Central Europe comprises a heterogeneous group of some 120 million persons from 11 countries which differ greatly in food availability and preferences. The region has undergone dramatic changes in food consumption patterns and in the patterns of nutritionally related diseases. The changes in the political situation in central Europe have provided a unique natural experiment which allows the study of the effects of different eating behaviors on health within a genetically homogeneous population and an analysis of the time frame in which effects can be seen at the national level. This is in particular the case for the FRG and the GDR. Epidemics of nutritionally related disease have arisen, including cardiovascular disease, cancers of the colon and breast and obesity. These occur at very different rates in neighboring countries. Furthermore, unknown factors, probably including food-hygienic factors and methods of storage and preparation, have resulted in drastic reductions in the rates of stomach cancers in all countries. These have only recently been detected, as no systematic nutritional surveillance systems are currently in effect in Europe. Due to the chronic nature of the diseases in question, we are noticing too little, too late. Food patterns provide a realistic and sensitive predictor of disease incidence. They are timely enough to detect changes before they are reflected in a diminished health status of the population or specific risk groups. Details on the patterns of intake and secular trends, as far as they are available for individual countries, reveal that eating behavior is quite labile and subject to dramatic changes within decades. The current information status does not allow a closer examination of specific population groups, such as the behavior of children or the elderly, the intakes of pregnant or breast-feeding women, or the eating behavior of men at high risk of heart disease. The foundations of a European nutrition surveillance system need to be laid, to make possible the timely detection of high-risk-related changes in food consumption, unfavorable trends and early signs of nutritionally related epidemics. The regular, standardized assessment of eating patterns will be an important building stone in such a system.
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PMID:Food patterns and health problems: central Europe. 188 24

Massively obese patients are at increased risk for heart disease. Blood volume and capillary flow are increased to supply the excess body mass, and there is a concomitant increase in preload and, often, afterload. The heart compensates for the expanded blood volume by increasing stroke volume and cardiac work to provide increased cardiac output. The result is left ventricular dilatation followed by eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Cardiac compensatory reserve is limited, leading, at times, to overt congestive failure. After reduction of the excess body fat, most of the cardiovascular derangements appear to reverse. The authors review the effect of massive obesity on the heart and the cardiovascular consequences of weight reduction.
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PMID:Cardiac function in massively obese patients and the effect of weight loss. 191 84

Although obesity and alcohol intake as well as dietary sodium, potassium and magnesium are the major non-genetic determinants of blood pressure levels, interest has recently been stimulated in the function of fatty acids and antioxidants in the aetiology of hypertension. In the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study both plasma ascorbic acid and serum selenium concentrations had a moderate, independent inverse association, estimated dietary intake of saturated fatty acids had a positive association and estimated dietary intake of linolenic acid had an inverse association with the mean resting blood pressure in 722 Eastern Finnish men with neither self reported hypertension nor cerebrovascular disease. Even though these cross sectional observations do not prove causality, they warrant clinical trials to verify or disprove that dietary fats and antioxidants are factors in the development of hypertension.
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PMID:Dietary fats, antioxidants and blood pressure. 193 Sep 20

318 records of male workers, 169 Spanish and 149 Arab were retrospectively studied in 1987 at the "Gabinete de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo" (Council for Safety and Hygiene in the Workplace) in Ceuta in order to prove the hypothesis that 2 different ethnic groups living in the same geographic area have a non-equal distribution of cardiovascular risk factors. The Spanish group showed a higher prevalence in blood hypertension, diabetes, glucose intolerance, obesity and alcohol intake, compared to the Arab group. Smoking and high levels of seric cholesterol were similar in both groups, however, medium levels of seric cholesterol were lower in the Arab group. Family histories of cardiovascular disease were very rare in the latter mentioned group. These observations suggested a major predisposition to ischemic cardiopathy in the Spanish group.
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PMID:[Cardiovascular risk factors in an Arab and Hispanic working population]. 193 89

Many Americans should reduce their dietary consumption of fat to lower their risk of conditions such as heart disease, cancer and obesity. Physicians can coordinate a comprehensive management plan for patients who need to reduce their fat intake. The newest fat substitutes offer a potentially valuable addition to such traditional diet strategies as low-fat foods and total calorie reduction.
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PMID:Reducing fat intake with fat substitutes. 200 11

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for Asian-Americans and Pacific-Islanders, Hispanic-Americans, and Native Americans. Generally, heart disease death rates are lower in these population groups than in Caucasians, with the notable exception of Native Americans under the age of 35. Of particular interest are data for southwestern US Native Americans and Mexican-Americans, which indicate low CHD prevalence rates despite high rates of obesity, diabetes mellitus, increasing hypertension, and low socioeconomic status. Much more research is needed to explain these and other observations. Intervention in those risk factors already identified is necessary, particularly in prevention of obesity and diabetes.
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PMID:Heart disease in Asians and Pacific-Islanders, Hispanics, and Native Americans. 201 71


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