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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 534 unselected schoolchildren aged 6-14 yr from the greater Athens area the size of the thyroid gland was assessed by palpation, and information was obtained on sex, age, height, weight, skinfold thickness, socioeconomic class, eye colour and urinary iodine excretion. The results were analysed by discriminant analysis. Altogether 14% of these children had a thyroid enlargement (7% had a definite goitre and another 7% a smaller enlargement). The set of variables studied were significantly discriminatory (Wilk's lambda 0.926, p approximately equal to 0.004). Most of the discrimination was accounted for by height (positive association, b coefficient 0.0114, SE 0.0029, t = 3.95) and weight (negative association, b coefficient 0.0107, SE 0.0030, t = 3.61). No other parameter, including iodine excretion, showed a significant difference between goitrous and nongoitrous. It is concluded that the only genuine difference is that goitrous are heavier for a given height or shorter for a given weight, i.e. more obese. The reason for which obesity protects from sporadic nontoxic goitre is not entirely clear, but probably both nutritional and genetic factors are involved.
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PMID:An epidemiologic survey of thyroid enlargement among schoolchildren in a non-endemic area. 712 49

PAHO member countries maintain food and nutrition surveillance systems. The prevalence of malnutrition among children aged 0-4 in Latin American and Caribbean countries ranges from 0.8% in Chile to 38.5% in Guatemala. It is 2.9% in the US. Low height-for-age is most common among children aged 0-4 in Guatemala (57.9%), Bolivia (38.3%), Peru (35.2%), and Ecuador (34%). The interval between observations of malnutrition prevalence ranged from 22 years in Honduras to 3-4 years in Nicaragua and Panama. Overall, there was a downward trend in malnutrition rates in the Americas. Yet, malnutrition is increasing in Guatemala and Panama. Breast feeding, good weaning practices, appropriate feeding during disease episodes, nutrition education, and programs for immunization and control of diarrhea and respiratory diseases account for the downward trend. Anemia rates among pregnant women (=or 11 g Hb/dl) vary from 13% in Asuncion, Paraguay, to 61% in Misiones, Argentina. Those for preschoolers range from 22% to 45% in Brazil and 27% to 53% in Peru. The prevalence of goiter is more than 50% in Merida, Venezuela, and Chameza, Colombia. It differs greatly in different areas within the same country. Most countries have laws requiring iodination of all salt for human consumption, yet violations are common. Certain areas of the countries in the Americas have vitamin A deficiency rates ranging from 5% to 48.8%. Some countries have enacted laws for sugar enrichment with retinol palmitate to reduce vitamin A deficiency. During the 1970s, deaths from chronic diseases related to nutrition increased 105% in South America, 56% in Central America, Mexico, and Panama, and 21% in the Caribbean. Prevalence of obesity among children aged 0-6 varies from 2.2% in Nicaragua and Brazil to 10.7% in Chile. Adult obesity is most common in Uruguay (about 50%). It is more common among females than males. The highest rates among 20-29 year olds are in Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, and Peru. The US adult obesity rate is 12%.
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PMID:Nutritional situation in the Americas. 799 15

Neonatal administration of MSG leads to a syndrome of endocrine dysfunction characterised by reduced growth, obesity and hypogonadism. The aim of the present investigation was to gain information on the structure and function of the pituitary-thyroid axis in MSG-treated rats. Neonatal Wistar rats received an s.c. MSG (4 mg/g body weight) or hyperosmotic saline (controls) on days 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 of life. Histological and morphometrical studies were carried out on the thyroids of rats during the 4th month of life. Plasma TSH, T3, and T4 were measured by RIA kits. MSG-treated rats showed stunted growth, obesity and decreased pituitary weight. MSG administration resulted in increases in thyroid weight, absolute volumes of epithelium, colloid and stroma, and blood T3 level while T4 level remained unchanged. In enlarged thyroid gland, percentage fractions occupied by epithelium, colloid and stroma were similar to those observed in control rats. The results obtained suggest that the rat hypothalamic centres involved in regulation of the pituitary-thyroid axis are slightly affected by neonatal MSG treatment.
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PMID:Effects of neonatal treatment with MSG (monosodium glutamate) on hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis in adult male rats. 830 23

Hypothyroidism is the condition most commonly treated with exogenous thyroid hormone. The goal of therapy is to normalize levels of serum thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone), which should be monitored by a high-sensitivity test. Adjustments in optimal dose may be necessary for a number of physiologic reasons (eg, decreased gastrointestinal absorption, pregnancy). Thyroid hormone therapy is also appropriate after surgery for thyroid cancer and for patients with goiter or benign thyroid nodules. In the absence of hypothyroidism, such treatment should not be used for obesity, fatigue, irregular menses, or infertility.
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PMID:Thyroid hormone therapy. What, when, and how much. 841 59

Misdiagnosis of hyperthyroidism is explained first of all by errors in symptoms analysis, absence of ophthalmopathy, thyroid enlargement, predominant lesion of one system, atypical onset, various clinical masks (ischemic heart disease, active rheumatic fever with mitral and aortic defects, endogenic depression, obesity, gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases).
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PMID:[Difficulties in diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis in internal medicine]. 869 70

We have investigated 2672 obese subjects (2324 females and 348 males); of these, the following two groups were considered: obese subjects with or without thyroid disease. Subjects were stratified according to age, sex, and BMI. The prevalence of thyroid disease was correlated to age, sex and BMI increased body weight. Our data showed that 22% of patients affected by essential obesity and not resident in area of iodine deficiency is affected by thyroid diseases which are not diagnosed (18%). In the obese subjects, presence of goiter is more frequent than in the normal weight subjects and affects mainly adult males. Chronic thyroiditis is typical of females (9:1 female:male ratio) with no difference between normo and overweight subjects. Prevalence of single nodule in the obese is similar to the normal weight subjects, it is more frequent in adults and in subjects with medium size obesity. However, occurrence of carcinoma (8%) in single nodules appears higher in the overweight (5-6%) as compared to the normal weight subjects.
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PMID:[Latent thyroid diseases in obesity]. 961 7

A study was performed in which mothers of normal variant short statured children (n=37), were asked to state their own height. Then their body height was measured with a Harpenden Stadiometer. As control group, mothers of normal statured children (n=54) who were presented for various reasons (e.g. obesity, goiter) underwent the same procedure. The results show that the estimations are not reliable in short mothers with short statured children, whereas the control group showed no significant differences between reported and measured heights. There was a direct significant negative correlation (r=0.624; p < 0.001) between reported and measured heights in women with short children. The smaller the woman, the higher the reported height.
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PMID:Observations of reported and measured heights of mothers of short statured children. 966 62

The detection and correction of dietary errors plays an important role in avian medicine. Examples of diseases caused in part by a deficiency or abundance of a nutrient include hypovitaminosis A in birds of the parrot (Psittacidae) family, hypocalcemia in the African grey parrot, goitre in budgerigars, and iron storage diseases in the minah and toucan. Hypovitaminosis A can lead to metaplasia of mucous membranes, which in turn can lead to chronic rhinitis and respiratory fungal infections. Vitamin A deficiency is caused by feeding a seed based diet. Seed mixtures are often deficient in calcium, and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism can develop if an additional source of calcium, in the form of ground shells, is not provided. Tetanic symptoms as a result of hypocalcemia are only seen in the African grey parrot and the timneh parrot. Over supplementation of vitamin D gives rise to poisoning with polyuria and polydipsia as common initial symptoms. The exact cause of iron storage diseases in toucans and minahs is not known. A diet low in iron and vitamin C is advised as therapy. Goitre can develop in budgerigars as a result of iodine-deficient drinking water and provision of a seed mixture based on millet. An unbalanced or multideficient diet can give rise to reproductive disorders, abnormal feathers, or infections as a result of diminished resistance. It is usually not possible to relate the cause of these diseases in a simple way to the composition of the diet. Obesity, which occurs in the galah, Amazon parrot, and budgerigars, can lead to fatty liver and lipoma. A gradual reduction in weight, by means of calorie restriction, is recommended. Commercially available nutritionally balanced bird food is often effective.
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PMID:[Nutrition-related problems in pet birds]. 992 97

Using data from a large health plan, we performed a cohort study of thyroid cancer among 204,964 persons (aged 10--89 at baseline in 1964--1973, 54% female) followed for a median of 20 years. There were 196 incident thyroid cancers (73 in men, 123 in women). Risk was independently and positively related to female gender [relative risk (RR) = 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12--2.19], Asian race (RR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.76--4.65), completed college or post-graduate education (RR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.20--2.59), history of goiter (RR = 3.36, 95% CI = 1.82--6.20), radiation of the neck region (RR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.28--4.23) and family history of thyroid disease (RR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.17--4.05). An inverse association was found for black race (RR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.33--0.91). Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, personal history of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, overweight or obesity, weight gain since age 20, height, occupational exposures, reproductive factors, oral contraceptives and hormone use did not show statistically significant relations to thyroid cancer. These results provide further evidence for a role of female gender, radiation, goiter, Asian race, high educational attainment and family history of thyroid disease in the etiology of thyroid cancer.
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PMID:Cohort study of thyroid cancer in a San Francisco Bay area population. 1147 90

The paleopathological study of 40 Italian Renaissance mummies has allowed us to perform about 20 diagnoses, of which 5 concern infectious (smallpox, hepatitis, condyloma, syphilis and pneumonia), 4 metabolic (obesity, atherosclerosis, gallstones and uric acid nephrolithiasis), 2 articular (DISH and rheumatoid arthritis) and 2 neoplastic (skin apithelioma and colon adenocarcinoma) diseases. The mummy of an anonymous child, dated back to the 16th century (C14=1569 +/- 60), presented a diffuse vesiculo-pustular exanthema. Macroscopic aspects and regional distribution suggested smallpox, while EM reavealed many egg-shaped, virus-like particles (250 x 50 nm), with a central dense core. Following incubation with anti-smallpox virus antiserum and protein A-gold complex immunostaining, the particles resulted completely covered with protein A-gold. These results clearly show that this Neapolitan child died of a severe form of smallpox some four centuries ago. The mummy of Maria of Aragon, Marquise of Vasto (1503-1568), reavealed on the left arm an oval, cutaneous ulcer (15x10 nm) with linen dressing. Indirect immunofluorescence with anti-treponema pallidum antibody identified a large number of filaments with the morphological characteristics of fluorescent treponemes. EM evidenced typical spirochetes, with axial fibril. These findings clearly demonstrate a treponemal, probably venereal, infection. The mummy of Ferrante I of Aragon, King of Naples (1431-1494), revealed an adenocarcinoma extensively infiltrating the muscles of the small pelvis. A molecular study of the neoplastic tissue evidenced a typical mutation of the K-ras gene codon 12:the normal sequence GGT (glycine) was altered into GAT (aspartic acid). At present this genetic change is the most frequent mutation of the K-ras gene in sporadic colorectal cancer. The alimentary "environment" of the Neapolitan court of the XV century, with its abundance of natural alimentary alkylating agents, well explains this acquired mutation. These and other diseases as, for example, a fatal puerperal complication, a thyroid goiter, a case of Wilson's cirrhosis, some cases of anthracosis and other peculiar traumatic conditions, such as a mortal stab-wound, can elucidate the pathocenosis of the wealthy classes of the Italian Renaissance.
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PMID:Renaissance mummies in Italy. 1162 3


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