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Breast-feeding contributes significantly toward the physical and psychological well-being of infants and health professionals should encourage mothers to breast-feed whenever possible. Nutritional advantages of breast milk include 1) a low sodium to potassium ratio; 2) an appropriate fat content; 3) optimal absorption rates for each compositional factor; and 4) high taurine levels which may promote nerve cell growth. Breast-fed infants are less likely to suffer from infant obesity than bottle fed infants. Most investigators agree that human milk affords the infant protection against infections; however, some diseases may be transmitted from the mother to the infant by breast feeding. Breast-feeding enhances the psychological well-being of both the mother and the child and strengthens the emotional bond between them. Breast feeding is contraindicated 1) for infants with phenylketonuria, rare amino acidurias, and galactosemia; 2) for infants whose mothers have diseases such as infectious tuberculosis and venereal disease; and 3) for infants whose mothers are taking medications which might be harmful to the infant. A history of breast cancer in the mother's family does not contraindicate breast-feeding. Hyperbilirubinemia in breast-fed infants can generally be prevented by the prompt initiation of breast-feeding following delivery and by providing the infant with frequent feedings throughout each 24 hour period. Infants with cleft palates can be breast-fed if they are fitted with a dental prosthesis. The threat of breast milk contamination by environmental pollutants is insignificant for most women in the U.S. Unless the mother has been exposed to an abnormally high level of chemical pollution, she need not worry about breast milk contamination.
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PMID:Breast-feeding and infant health. 52 12

Breastfeeding is the optimal method of infant feeding. Breast milk provides almost all the necessary nutrients, growth factors and immunological components a healthy term infant needs, Other advantages of breastfeeding include reduction of incidences and severity of infections; prevention of allergies; possible enhancement of cognitive development; and prevention of obesity, hypertension and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Health gains for breastfeeding mothers include lactation amenorrhea, early involution of the uterus, enhanced bonding between the mother and the infant, and reduction in incidence of ovarian and breast cancer. From the economic perspective, breastfeeding is less expensive than formula feeding. In most cases, maternal ingestion of medications and maternal infections are not contraindications to breastfeeding. Breastfeeding, however, is contraindicated in infants with galactosemia. The management of common breastfeeding issues, such as breast engorgement, sore nipples, mastitis and insufficient milk, is discussed. Breastfeeding should be initiated as soon after delivery as possible. To promote, protect and support breastfeeding, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) developed the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. Healthcare professionals have an important role to play in promoting and protecting breastfeeding.
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PMID:Breast is best for babies. 1608 Jun 72

Breast milk contains hormones, growth factors, cytokines, cells, etc., and offers many advantages over cow's milk or soy protein infant formulae. The composition of breast milk is influenced by gestational and postnatal age. Prevalence of breastfeeding in France is one of the lowest in Europe: in 2003, only 58% of infants were breastfed when leaving the maternity ward, for a median duration of 10 weeks. Breastfeeding allows normal growth until at least 6 months of age, and can be prolonged until the age of 2 years or more, provided that complementary feeding is started after 6 months. Breastfeeding is associated with slightly enhanced performance on tests of cognitive development. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 3 months is associated with a lower incidence and severity of diarrhoea, otitis media and respiratory infection. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months is associated with a lower incidence of allergic disease in at-risk infants (infants with at least one first-degree relative presenting with allergy). Breastfeeding is also associated with a lower incidence of obesity during childhood and adolescence, as well as with a lower incidence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in adulthood. Maternal infection with hepatitis B and C virus is not a contraindication to breastfeeding, as opposed to HIV infection and galactosemia. A supplementation with vitamin D and K is necessary in the breastfed infant. Very few medications contraindicate breastfeeding. Premature babies can be breastfed and/or receive mother's milk and/or bank milk, provided they receive energy, protein and mineral supplements. Return to prepregnancy weight is earlier in breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeeding is also associated with a decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancer in the premenopausal period, and of hip fractures and osteoporosis in the postmenopausal period.
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PMID:[Breast feeding: health benefits for child and mother]. 1627 76

The basic biology of the menstrual cycle is a complex, coordinated sequence of events involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, ovary, and endometrium. The menstrual cycle with all its complexities can be easily perturbed by environmental factors such as stress, extreme exercise, eating disorders, and obesity. Furthermore, genetic influences such as fragile X premutations, X chromosome abnormalities, and galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) point mutations (galactosemia) also contribute to perturbations of the menstrual cycle. Although not perfect, mouse models have helped to identify and confirm additional components and pathways in menstrual cycle function and dysfunction in humans.
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PMID:The menstrual cycle: basic biology. 1857 3

The last years modified major our conceptions about nutrition. These revolutionary changes were produced by implementation of new techniques of functional genomics. The nutrigenomics and nutrigenomics provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationships between bioactive molecules, genetic polymorphisms and biological system and can give rise to personalized nutrition and dietary recommendations. In monogenic diseases (phenylketonuria, galactosemia, lactose intolerance etc.) diet influence phenotypic expression and nutrigenomics will improve the prevention or treatment by the early identification of specific mutations or haplotype combinations that modulate dietary response in affected subjects. In the multifactor diseases, like cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, type II diabetes mellitus or cancer, the nutrigenomics approach has begun to reveal that some of them are susceptible to dietary intervention and may modulate the onset and progression of disorders.
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PMID:Nutrigenomics in postgenomic era. 1867 21

The prevalence of breastfeeding in France is one of the lowest in Europe: 65% of infants born in France in 2010 were breastfed when leaving the maternity ward. Exclusive breastfeeding allows normal growth until at least 6 months of age, and can be prolonged until the age of 2 years or more, provided that complementary feeding is started after 6 months. Breast milk contains hormones, growth factors, cytokines, immunocompetent cells, etc., and has many biological properties. The composition of breast milk is influenced by gestational and postnatal age, as well as by the moment of the feed. Breastfeeding is associated with slightly enhanced performance on tests of cognitive development. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 3 months is associated with a lower incidence and severity of diarrhoea, otitis media and respiratory infection. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months is associated with a lower incidence of allergic disease (asthma, atopic dermatitis) during the first 2 to 3 years of life in at-risk infants (infants with at least one first-degree relative presenting with allergy). Breastfeeding is also associated with a lower incidence of obesity during childhood and adolescence, as well as with a lower blood pressure and cholesterolemia in adulthood. However, no beneficial effect of breastfeeding on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has been shown. Maternal infection with hepatitis B and C virus is not a contraindication to breastfeeding, as opposed to HIV infection and galactosemia. A supplementation with vitamin D and K is necessary in the breastfed infant. Very few medications contraindicate breastfeeding. Premature babies can be breastfed and/or receive mother's milk and/or bank milk, provided they receive energy, protein and mineral supplements. Return to prepregnancy weight is earlier in breastfeeding mothers during the 6 months following delivery. Breastfeeding is also associated with a decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancer in the premenopausal period, and of osteoporosis in the postmenopausal period.
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PMID:[Breastfeeding: health benefits for child and mother]. 2506 12

Overweight/obesity is a growing epidemic in the Western world and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, mainly from cardiovascular disease. Doctors are going to play a major role as they are being called on to adapt their practices to confront it. In particular, nutrition seems to be at the core of obesity in children. The ascending trend of this phenomenon in pediatric age, with inherent healthcare implications, was already reported in epidemiological studies of the mid '90s. Public health programs of primary prevention should be stimulated and recommended, with the aim of promoting diet and lifestyle changes in the general population. In addition, accurate anthropometric measurements should be performed for use by pediatricians, who should focus efforts on preventing obesity during infancy and childhood. Nutrition plays such a pivotal role that it may be considered a valuable treatment strategy for multiple pediatric conditions, including celiac disease, Crohn's disease, short bowel syndrome, galactosemia, congenital deficiency of urea cycle enzymes. In view of all this, it would be advisable that food science be given higher relevance in medical education.
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PMID:[How much nutrition matters for children]. 2573 96