Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A set of new guidelines were formulated by an expert group meeting in Sweden organized by the pharmaceutical office during March 31-April 1, 1993. It contains various methods to avoid an undesired pregnancy and also advice about postcoital contraception. Among barrier methods, the condom is the only reversible method for men with a method failure of 2 and user failure of 10. It protects against gonorrhea, chlamydia, condyloma, herpes simplex, HIV, and hepatitis B. The diaphragm can be used with a spermicide and protects to a lesser degree against chlamydia, gonorrhea, and cervical cancer. The female condom is as effective as the condom. Among spermicides, nonoxynol-9 is not only effective against sperms but also against bacteria, viruses, and certain vaginal and cervical cells. The vaginal sponge is impregnated with nonoxynol-9 and is effective up to 24 hours. The copper IUD, with a method failure of less than 1, can cause profuse menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and endometritis-salpingitis. Hormonal methods include combination pills (2-phase and 3-phase pills) and gestagen methods (high dose with 150 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate injection every 3 months and low-dose minipills with levonorgestrel, norethisterone, or lynestrol). Mechanisms of action concern combination pills, gestagen methods, minipills, Norplant, and Levonova. Drug cross reaction can reduce effectiveness. Side effects include bleeding and amenorrhea. Risk-benefit determination is based on health effects. Possible risks are associated with breast cancer, cervical cancer, blood pressure increase, venous thromboembolism, and heart infarction. Various phases of the reproductive age include young women, lactating women, and women in the later part of the reproductive age. Special groups include those who have experienced ectopic pregnancy, infections (candida, sexually transmitted diseases: chlamydia trachomatis, HIV infections), obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, tumors of the reproductive organs, liver diseases, migraine, epilepsy, surgery, and handicapped women. Postcoital contraception is used only in need, and methods for postcoital contraception include hormonal method and the copper IUD.
 ...
PMID:[Contraception. Recommendations from a group of experts]. 790 65

We identified seven patients with refractory partial epilepsy and sleep apnea. Treatment of the sleep apnea with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), protriptyline, trazodone, acetazolamide, or tracheostomy reduced seizure frequency and severity in six patients. Success with CPAP depended largely on compliance. Four of five patients had a clear reduction in seizure frequency with the use of CPAP. Sleep apnea may exacerbate epilepsy by causing sleep disruption and deprivation, hypoxemia, and decreased cerebral blood flow. In epilepsy patients with risk factors (eg, obesity) or markers (eg, habitual snoring, daytime somnolence) for sleep apnea, a careful sleep history should be elicited and a polysomnogram obtained when indicated. Treatment of the sleep disorder can improve seizure control.
 ...
PMID:Epilepsy and sleep apnea syndrome. 884 27

Binding of valproate and palmitate to serum albumin was studied in 29 valproate-treated epileptic patients. The results were compared with similar observations in a reference group of 43 non valproate-treated individuals. The binding affinity for palmitate was decreased (P < 0.0001) resulting in increased availability of long-chain fatty acids (P = 0.008) due to competitive valproate binding in the valproate-treated patients. The findings support a hypothesis on the pathogenesis of obesity as a complication of valproate treatment of epilepsy.
Epilepsy Res 1993 Sep
PMID:Valproate and palmitate binding to serum albumin in valproate-treated patients. Relation to obesity. 824 40

A population-based case-control study was conducted to examine the effects of past and recent physical activity on the risk of hip fracture in women. Cases included females aged 55-84 years with a first diagnosis of hip fracture in 1989 in metropolitan Toronto, Canada. Controls were a population-based random sample frequency matched by 5-year age groups. Data were collected on 381 cases and 1,138 controls by self-administered mailed questionnaires or telephone interviews. Past activity was calculated as a compilation of activity scores at ages 16, 30, and 50 years. Recent activity was defined as activity in the past year for controls and activity in the year before fracture for cases. Multiple logistic regression was used to control for age, previous fracture, obesity, smoking, osteoporosis, epilepsy, stroke or Parkinson's disease, daily intake of dietary calcium, and duration of use of supplemental calcium, fluoride, and estrogen. After recent activity was adjusted for, statistically significant effects were found for women who in the past had been active (odds ratio estimate (OR) = 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45-0.96) or very active (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.33-0.88). After past activity was adjusted for, a similar protective effect was found for women who were moderately active recently (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.41-0.90), but women who were very active recently were not protected from hip fracture (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.72-1.83). This study showed evidence of independent protective effects of past physical activity and of moderate levels of recent physical activity on the risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women.
 ...
PMID:Past and recent physical activity and risk of hip fracture. 834 29

A case-control study was conducted to examine the effects of occupational activity on the risk of hip fracture in women. Only women who worked full-time or part-time for more than 6 months and for more than 15 h/wk since the age of 16 were considered for study. Case patients were between the ages of 55 and 84 years and had a diagnosis of hip fracture in 1989 in Metropolitan Toronto (n = 331). Control subjects were a population-based random sample of women frequency-matched by 5-year age groups (n = 1002). Those who worked for 20 years or less in any type of job were not at a decreased risk of hip fracture (odds ratio (OR) = 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.70 to 1.32) compared to those who worked for more than 20 years in a sedentary job. However, those who worked for more than 20 years in moderate- to heavy-activity jobs were strongly protected against hip fracture (OR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.95). Past and recent leisure-time activity, estrogen use, obesity, having epilepsy, and a previous fracture were significant risk factors. There was no statistically significant interaction between occupational activity and leisure-time physical activity, suggesting that both types of activity are independently associated with the risk of hip fracture. This study showed that being employed for more than 20 years in a job that requires heavy activity reduces the risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women.
 ...
PMID:Lifetime occupational physical activity and risk of hip fracture in women. 852 Jul 16

We recently reported the frequent occurrence of polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy, especially when the medication was started before the age of 20 years. In the present study we evaluated the association of obesity and hyperinsulinemia with valproate-related polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women with epilepsy. Sixty-five women participated in the study. Twenty-two received valproate monotherapy and 43 received carbamazepine monotherapy. In addition to clinical examination, vaginal ultrasonography was performed to determine ovarian size, and the concentrations of serum sex hormones, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, and the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins 1 and 3 (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3) were measured. Fifty-nine percent of the women on valproate were obese, and in a retrospective analysis an indisputable weight gain (mean, 21 kg; range, 8-49 kg) was found in 50% of the women taking valproate. Fourteen (64%) of the women on valproate had polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism, or both. These women were obese, and in addition to elevated serum androgen levels, they had high concentrations of fasting serum insulin and low levels of serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1. Valproate therapy for epilepsy is associated with weight gain during treatment in approximately 50% of women patients. The weight gain can be progressive, and is associated with hyperinsulinemia and low serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, which may lead to hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries.
 ...
PMID:Obesity and endocrine disorders in women taking valproate for epilepsy. 861 39

Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by hypotonia and feeding difficulties in the neonatal period, with the childhood development of hyperphagia leading to obesity, developmental delay, hypogonadism, short stature and small hands and feet. Correct diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome is important because of its clinical implications and the need for family genetic counseling. In order to determine the most efficient method of diagnosing the condition, we evaluated 37 patients with a putative diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome by both clinical and molecular cytogenetic analyses. Clinical evaluation showed that 25 patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for Prader-Willi syndrome. A deletion of the region 15q11.2-13 was cytogenetically identified in 20 patients using a high-resolution technique. Four additional cases were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the cosmid probes for D15S11, r-aminobutyric acid receptor beta 3 (GABRB3), small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated peptide N (SNRPN) or D15S10 (Prader-Willi/ Angelman syndrome region probes). The deletion of SNRPN was documented in 24 Prader-Willi syndrome patients. Only one additional patient with typical Prader-Willi syndrome features did not have any deletion over 15q11-13 at either the cytogenetic or molecular level. FISH provides a more reliable method than high-resolution chromosome analysis for the diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome. Associated conditions such as hypopigmentation, small-joint laxity, arachnodactyly, seizure disorder, optic atrophy, congenital heart disease, Perthes' disease, hirsutism, astigmatism/amblyopia, microcephaly and neuropsychiatric disturbances dictate the effects of a contiguous gene syndrome. Morbidity is high among patients with obesity and associated conditions. Appropriate genetic counseling should be given to the parents and dietary management should be helpful for patients with Prader-Willi syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Prader-Willi syndrome: clinical and molecular cytogenetic investigations. 877 55

Increased proline levels were found in plasma of a girl with slight psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, obesity, scoliosis, hypocalcaemia, variable lymphocytopenia and facial dysmorphy suggestive of CATCH 22 syndrome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated the presence of a submicroscopic 22q11 deletion, confirming this diagnosis. Further investigation showed evidence that the patient was heterozygous for heparin cofactor II deficiency and for hyperprolinaemia type I, a proline catabolic disorder due to proline oxidase deficiency. This association extends the CATCH 22 syndrome and suggests that expression of the proline oxidase gene depends on the chromosome 22q11 region.
 ...
PMID:Association of hyperprolinaemia type I and heparin cofactor II deficiency with CATCH 22 syndrome: evidence for a contiguous gene syndrome locating the proline oxidase gene. 880 68

The interaction between clearance of phenytoin, valproic acid, phenobarbital and carbamazepine, and changes in body weight was determined in a 19-year-old obese woman with epilepsy (body weight 93 kg, BMI 36.3 kg/m2). The patient, who was given daily oral doses of 100 mg phenobarbital, 350 mg phenytoin, 800 mg valproic acid and 800 mg carbamazepine over 5 months was hospitalized for obesity treatment. The daily dosage of each drug was held constant during treatment of the obesity. Blood samples were taken five times. Weight reduction was 7 kg (7.5%) over 46 days. Estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters in each drug was performed by Higuchi's Bayesian program, PEDA Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) between clearance and body weight was calculated for each drug. High positive correlations were found between clearance and body weight for phenytoin (r = 0.800) and valproic acid (r = 0.785), but not for phenobarbital (r = -0.227) and carbamazepine (r = 0.152). Clearance of phenytoin and valproic acid may be potentially affected by small changes in body weight.
 ...
PMID:Clearance of phenytoin and valproic acid is affected by a small body weight reduction in an epileptic obese patient: a case study. 880 44

The aims of this study were to review what is currently known about comorbidity in people with Down's syndrome and to determine if their relative risk for certain disorders was increased. Analysis was carried out on the published literature from 1982 through 1994. In order to be included in this study, articles had to meet predetermined criteria. The strengths and weaknesses of the selected articles were considered in this review. The estimation of relative risks was done by calculating the odds ratio (OR). Odds ratios of > 2 or < 0.5 were found in more than one article for congenital heart defects, hypothyroidism, hearing impairment and hepatitis B. Only one article indicated an OR within this range for all of the following disorders: obesity, epilepsy, degenerative spine disorders and a wide atlanto-axial distance. The results were unclear in the areas of hyperthyroidism, visual disorders, dementia and psychiatric disorders. The concept of comorbidity, i.e. establishing the relationships between the various conditions in one person and understanding the implications for medical care, seems promising, especially for people with intellectual disability. Further work in this area may well improve the quality of care offered to these people.
 ...
PMID:Comorbidity in people with Down's syndrome: a criteria-based analysis. 890 27


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>