Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was initiated to elucidate the mechanisms behind valproate-induced weight gain. Eight patients with epilepsy were studied with identical examination programs before and during the end of the first month of treatment with sodium valproate (VPA). The measurements included registration of food intake, indirect calorimetry, and determination of pancreatic and thyroid hormones, catecholamines, albumin, electrolytes, glycerol, and free fatty acids. Measurements were performed both at the basal condition and during a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). After the start of VPA treatment, the mean levels during the OGTT of plasma glucose and catecholamines were significantly decreased by 7% and 25%, respectively (P less than .05). The mean ratio of insulin to glucagon decreased by 37% (P less than .01). During the glucose load, the decreases in free fatty acids were less pronounced after the start of VPA treatment, whereas the mean levels of glycerol were found to be unchanged. We detected no differences between the two periods with regard to total energy intake or macronutrient selection, energy expenditure, or thyroid hormones. As VPA is known to affect the concentration of carnitine in humans, it is hypothesized that a possible VPA-induced deficiency of the beta-oxidation of fatty acids is important for the development of obesity in epileptic patients in long-term treatment with VPA, but changes in catecholamines or other hormones might also be of importance.
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PMID:Metabolic changes during treatment with valproate in humans: implication for untoward weight gain. 164 Aug 53

Adiposis dolorosa or Dercum's disease consists of a painful progressive localized state of obesity with four cardinal symptoms: a) painful circumscribed or diffuse fatty deposits, b) generalized obesity in women usually of menopausal age, c) asthenia, weakness and frequently tendency to fatigue and d) mental phenomena including emotional instability, depression, epilepsy, mental confusion and true dementia. Only a few cases in men have been described. The pain may be treated with intravenous administration of lignocaine or oral mexitil while no causal treatment is known. An illustrative case is reported.
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PMID:[A case of adiposis dolorosa--Dercum's disease]. 150 54

A closed-claim analysis of anesthetic-related deaths and permanent injuries in the dental office setting was conducted in cooperation with a leading insurer of oral and maxillofacial surgeons and dental anesthesiologists. A total of 13 cases occurring between 1974 and 1989 was included. In each case, all available records, reports, depositions, and proceedings were reviewed. The following were determined for each case: preoperative physical status of the patient, anesthetic technique used (classified as either general anesthesia or conscious sedation), probable cause of the morbid event, avoidability of the occurrence, and contributing factors important to the outcome. The majority of patients were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status II or III. Most patients had preexisting conditions, such as gross obesity, cardiac disease, epilepsy, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, that can significantly affect anesthesia care. Hypoxia arising from airway obstruction and/or respiratory depression was the most common cause of untoward events, and most of the adverse events were determined to be avoidable. The disproportionate number of patients in this sample who were at the extremes of age and with ASA classifications below I suggests that anesthesia risk may be significantly increased in patients who fall outside the healthy, young adult category typically treated in the oral surgical/dental outpatient setting.
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PMID:Major morbidity or mortality from office anesthetic procedures: a closed-claim analysis of 13 cases. 183 16

Binding equilibria of valproate (2-n-propyl-pentanoic acid anion) with defatted human serum albumin were studied by equilibrium dialysis in a 66 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 37 degrees. Three hundred and fifty-six observed points for bound versus free valproate concentration were obtained and analyzed in terms of stepwise binding. It was found that the best fit resulted from a model in which 67% of the albumin was capable of binding valproate, whereas 33% did not bind. Thirty acceptable variants of the curve fitting were generated in order to assess the variation of the binding constants. The binding albumin component combines with three molecules of valproate with high affinity and with at least seven additional molecules that are loosely bound. Saturation of the protein cannot be reached. At very high concentrations of free valproate (above 10 mM) irreversible changes in the albumin take place, resulting in poor reproducibility in the amount of bound valproate. In the presence of palmitate, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mol/mol of albumin, binding of valproate is decreased by a competitive mechanism. It is hypothesized that obesity, developing as a complication of valproate treatment of epilepsy, results from increased availability of long-chain fatty acids due to competitive valproate binding.
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PMID:Valproate and palmitate binding to human serum albumin: an hypothesis on obesity. 211 Oct 5

An 11-old boy with Prader-Willi syndrome and partial epilepsy was reported. Muscular hypotonia in early infancy was extreme and developmental milestones were retarded, especially walk and speech. He achieved these landmarks within three years. The first seizure disorder was seen in the 9th year. The patient was characterized by hypotonic musculature, severe mental retardation, obesity (gynaecomasty, excess of fat on the thighs, the abdomen and the trunk), hypogonadism (a minute penis, hypoplastic scrotum and cryptorchidism). Apart from these characteristics, the patient presented some minor morphological anomalies (turicephalic skull, high-arched palate, abnormally shaped pinnae, clinodactily, defects on teeth enamel), and some skeleton and joint anomalies (small feet, kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, knock-knee, flat foot). Speech retardation, behaviour disturbance and inappropriate emotional reaction were noted. Karyotype was normal. Dermatoglyphic analysis showed some significant qualitative and quantitative characteristics. An abnormal glucose tolerance curve was obtained. Electroencephalogram showed an irritative paroxysmal discharge with primary focal activity in frontal-temporal cortical regions of the brain left hemisphere.
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PMID:[Case report of a boy with Prader-Willi syndrome and focal epilepsy]. 251 54

16 patients of the Medical ambulatory at the University of Basel born between 1940 and 1945 were explored with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) of Spielberger for the presence of anxiety. With this self-rating inventory state anxiety as well as general trait anxiety can be recognized. The examined group was not selected on specific diagnoses. Two patients with a heavy organic disease (Aids, Friedreich's ataxia) showed an increased state anxiety and an increased general trait anxiety. Six patients with hypertension showed decreased, average as well as increased values of state anxiety and general trait anxiety. In one patient with epilepsia decreased general trait anxiety and average state anxiety were manifest. A patient with a depressive neurosis and functional abdominal pain showed increased general trait anxiety and average state anxiety. Finally, in six patients with different diseases, such as patients with different diseases, such as bronchitis, diabetes, coronary and congestive heart disease, obesity and myalgias, no deviation of their state and general trait anxiety values was evident when compared with standard values. The results are discussed.
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PMID:[The assessment of anxiety in somatic patients--a pilot study]. 291 53

We report the clinical features of six patients with the Cohen syndrome. The characteristic features include mental retardation, truncal obesity, prominent incisors, and tapering digits. Pelviureteric obstruction and epilepsy are reported as possible new features of this syndrome.
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PMID:The clinical features of the Cohen syndrome: further case reports. 398 28

A review of the literature on the medical and nutritional use of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) since 1970 is presented with additional discussions on the various modifications and applications of the MCTs in the synthesis of certain structured lipids. The metabolism of MCTs in the liver and extrahepatic tissues is discussed along with further documentation of the use of MCTs in malabsorption and hyperlipidemia cases. Recent applications of MCTs and modified MCTs in hyperalimentation, deficiency in the carnitine system, epilepsy, obesity, and other special areas of application are cited. The use of medium-chain monodiglycerides for dissolving cholesterol gallstones is presented. The contraindications for the use of MCTs in ketosis, acidosis, and cirrhosis are also discussed. Suggestions for use of MCTs in a variety of medical and nutritional applications are presented.
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PMID:Medium-chain triglycerides: an update. 681 31

Four boys aged 6-16 years with neurodevelopmental deficits were treated with CPAP for obstructive sleep apnoea. Their diagnoses were: Obesity with mild mental retardation, (2) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, (3) epilepsy associated with left hemiparesis and (4) mild mental retardation due to fragile X syndrome. Previous therapeutic attempts, including adenotonsillectomy, amitriptyline and methylphenidate in our patients prior to CPAP treatment were unsuccessful. A follow-up period of 12-48 months demonstrated a number of clinical benefits such as improvement in sleep quality and daily arousal, and a decrease in the frequency of seizures and episodes of pneumonia. Polysomnographic studies indicated a significant improvement in sleep parameters such as apnoea frequency, awakenings, sleep efficiency and arterial oxygen saturation. Side effects were mild and readily alleviated. CPAP is a feasible therapeutic intervention in intractable obstructive sleep apnoea of childhood, even when associated with neurodevelopmental deficits.
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PMID:CPAP treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea and neurodevelopmental deficits. 754 99

The discovery of the presynaptic histamine H3 receptors confirmed the idea that histamine is a neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. The H3 receptors (autoreceptors) regulate the release and synthesis of histamine. The H3 receptors also modulate the other neurotransmitters (heteroreceptors). Subclasses of H3 antagonist binding sites were found in the brain (H3A and H3B). The regulation of noradrenaline release is reported to be mediated by H3A rather than H3B. The H3 binding site belongs to the class of receptors coupled to G-proteins. Besides the molecular data, this review focuses on the functional roles of H3 receptors in the brain and discusses the possible use of H3 ligands for neurobehavioral disorders. The pharmacological data of H3 ligands may provide clinical candidates for CNS disorders in which histamine plays important roles in mental and behavioral functions. Especially, H3 antagonists may be useful for CNS disorders such as narcolepsy, dementia, epilepsy, and obesity, while H3 agonists may provide for anxiety, insomnia, migraine. However, these suggestions are still preliminary and further clinical research is needed, although potent and safe novel H3 ligands are being developed.
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PMID:[Possible roles of brain histamine H3 receptors and the pharmacology of its ligands]. 779 25


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