Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) are peptides generally produced by the gastrointestinal organs which are involved in appetite regulation via highly specialized centers in the brain. Abnormal plasma ghrelin and PYY levels compared with controls have been reported for subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) which is characterized by infantile hypotonia, poor suck reflex and failure to thrive followed by hyperphagia and marked obesity in early childhood. We studied gene expression of ghrelin, peptide YY, and their receptors (i.e., GHS-R1a, GHS-R1b, and NPY2R) in six different brain regions (frontal cortex, temporal cortex, visual cortex, pons, medulla, and hypothalamus) obtained from three subjects with PWS, two individuals with Angelman syndrome, and six controls to determine if expression of these genes is detectable in different regions of the brain in subjects with and without PWS. In general, expression of these genes using RT-PCR was detected in all subjects and no obvious differences were seen in their pattern of expression between subjects with or without PWS. Additional studies including quantitative gene expression measurements will be required to further evaluate the role of these genes in the eating disorder seen in PWS.
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PMID:Ghrelin, peptide YY and their receptors: gene expression in brain from subjects with and without Prader-Willi syndrome. 1575 36

The British Columbia Provincial Eating Disorders Program (BCEDP) is a small government funded body that communicates eating disorder treatment needs to the government, helps communication between primary, secondary, and tertiary care givers, gives treatment advice and teaching to primary and secondary care givers, and assists the Provincial Eating Disorders Resource Centre in decision making and communication with government. The program deals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, but not obesity, for budgetary reasons.
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PMID:British Columbia Provincial Eating Disorders Program: an organizational description. 1584 5

The regulation of appetite relies on complex hypothalamic neurocircuitry of which the arcuate nucleus, and the hormone leptin play important roles. Arcuate nucleus neurones are essential for the regulation of eating behaviour, but they can be intoxicated by elevated serum levels of the amino acid glutamate (GLU). Neurotoxic effects of GLU are mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R). But the neurotoxic effects of GLU can be prevented. Concurrent administration of dizocilpine maleate (MK-801), a selective and highly potent non-competitive NMDA-R antagonist, antagonises GLU-gated Ca2+ ion channels and completely prevents the adverse effects of GLU. Also the non-competitive NMDA-R antagonist memantine displays neuroprotective properties. In view of a previously published hypothesis that human obesity results from chronic over-consumption of GLU, we performed a therapeutic trial in five obese, but otherwise healthy women. Memantine treatment markedly decreased appetite within few hours and complete suppressed the binge-eating disorder within 24 h. Body weight decreased markedly within a few days. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that elevated levels of nutritional GLU play an important role in the pathomechanism of human obesity. We suggest to treat human obesity by protecting the hypothalamic signalling cascade of leptin action with low to moderate affinity, non-competitive NMDA-R antagonists that selectively block the GLU-gated Ca2+ ion channels.
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PMID:A new anti-obesity drug treatment: first clinical evidence that, antagonising glutamate-gated Ca2+ ion channels with memantine normalises binge-eating disorders. 1588 75

Psychosocial problems such as depression are present as long-term sequelae of breast cancer and its treatment in a substantial minority of patients. In general and patient populations, lifestyle factors such as obesity and physical activity have been associated with depression, and these and related characteristics may be associated with depression in breast cancer survivors. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine factors associated with depression in overweight or obese women (n=85) who had been diagnosed and treated for early stage breast cancer. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck depression inventory (BDI), eating psychopathology was assessed with the eating disorder examination--questionnaire (EDE-Q), and physical activity was estimated with the seven-day physical activity recall. BDI was directly correlated with global EDE-Q score (r=0.56, P<0.01) and inversely associated with age (r=-0.22, P<0.05) in bivariate analysis. Controlling for body mass index, age, education and other factors, BDI was directly associated with global EDE-Q score (P<0.001) and inversely associated with level of physical activity (P<0.05) in a model that explained 61% of the variance. Eating attitudes and behaviors, and physical activity level, are independently associated with depressive symptoms in overweight or obese breast cancer survivors.
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PMID:Depressive symptoms, eating psychopathology, and physical activity in obese breast cancer survivors. 1617 11

Patients treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs commonly gain excess weight. Because obesity is associated with considerable morbidity and decreased life expectancy, treatment of weight gain in these patients is critical. Topiramate, a fairly new anticonvulsant, promotes bodyweight loss in healthy obese subjects, patients with bipolar disorder, and patients with eating disorder. However, there are very few reports about the efficacy of topiramate for weight management in schizophrenic patients. We present the cases of three Taiwanese patients with schizophrenia whose bodyweight increased as a result of atypical antipsychotics treatment, then was controlled by topiramate without aggravation of their psychotic symptoms.
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PMID:Management of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain in schizophrenic patients with topiramate. 1619 68

Internet technology has been expanding rapidly and has had a dramatic impact on how people communicate, learn and share information. This article presents applications of internet technology to the psychological domain, particularly in the prevention and treatment of eating disorders and obesity. Information regarding advantages and disadvantages of computerized interventions are discussed and several examples of randomized controlled trials with this technology are presented. The studies presented are not meant to be comprehensive of psychological interventions in general, but are examples of computerized applications from the eating disorder and obesity literatures. Ethical considerations and areas for future direction are also discussed.
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PMID:Prevention of eating disorders and obesity via the internet. 1629 45

Night eating syndrome (NES) is an eating disorder characterised by the clinical features of morning anorexia, evening hyperphagia, and insomnia with awakenings followed by nocturnal food ingestion. The core clinical feature appears to be a delay in the circadian timing of food intake. Energy intake is reduced in the first half of the day and greatly increased in the second half, such that sleep is disrupted in the service of food intake. The syndrome can be distinguished from bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder by the lack of associated compensatory behaviours, the timing of food intake and the fact that the food ingestions are small, amounting to repeated snacks rather than true binges. NES also differs from sleep-related eating disorder by the presence of full awareness, as opposed to parasomnic nocturnal ingestions. NES is of importance clinically because of its association with obesity. Its prevalence rises with increasing weight, and about half of those diagnosed with it report a normal weight status before the onset of the syndrome. The recognition and effective treatment of NES may be an increasingly important way to treat a subset of the obese population. Treatment of the syndrome, however, is still in its infancy. One clinical trial has reported efficacy with the SSRI sertraline. Other treatments, such as the anticonvulsant topiramate, phototherapy and other SSRIs, may also offer future promise.
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PMID:Night eating syndrome : diagnosis, epidemiology and management. 1633 42

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a newly characterized eating disorder that encompasses individuals who have severe distress and dysfunction due to binge eating, but who do not regularly engage in inappropriate compensatory behaviors. While relatively uncommon in the general community, BED becomes more prevalent with increasing severity of obesity. BED is associated with early onset of obesity, frequent weight cycling, body shape disparagement, and psychiatric disorders. These associations occur independent of the degree of obesity. Although many individuals with BED have good short-term weight loss regardless of treatment modality, as a group they may be prone to greater attrition during weight-loss treatment and more rapid regain of lost weight. Current treatments geared toward binge eating behaviors include antidepressant medications, cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy; however, these treatments have little efficacy in promoting weight loss, and only modest success in long-term reduction of binge eating. As a significant proportion of obese individuals entering weight-loss treatment and research programs are likely to meet criteria for BED, those conducting clinical research should be aware of this distinct subgroup and determine the contribution of BED to outcome measures.
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PMID:Binge eating disorder: current knowledge and future directions. 1635 May 80

Eating disorders (EDs) have a highly heterogeneous etiology and multiple genetic factors might contribute to their pathogenesis. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing peptide, enhances appetite and increases food intake, and human ghrelin plasma levels are inversely correlated with body mass index. In the present study, we examined the 171T/C polymorphism of the ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR) gene in patients diagnosed with EDs, because the subjects having ghrelin gene polymorphism (Leu72Met) was not detected in a Japanese population, previously. In addition, beta3 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism (Try64Arg) and cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptor (R) gene polymorphism (-81A/G, -128G/T), which are both associated with obesity, were investigated. The subjects consisted of 228 Japanese patients with EDs [96 anorexia nervosa (AN), 116 bulimia nervosa (BN) and 16 not otherwise specified (NOS)]. The age- and gender-matched control group consisted of 284 unrelated Japanese subjects. The frequency of the CC type of the GHSR gene was significantly higher in BN subjects than in control subjects (chi(2) = 4.47, p = 0.035, odds ratio = 2.05, Bonferroni correction: p = 0.070), while the frequency in AN subjects was not different from that in controls. The distribution of neither beta3 adrenergic receptor gene nor CCK-AR polymorphism differed between EDs and control subjects. Therefore, the CC type of GHSR gene polymorphism (171T/C) is a risk factor for BN, but not for AN.
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PMID:Association of ghrelin receptor gene polymorphism with bulimia nervosa in a Japanese population. 1636 31

Eating disorders represent a continuum in the pathological feeding behaviour with anorexia and severe malnutrition as one extreme and with psychogenic overeating and atypical forms of Eating disorders accompanied with obesity as the second extreme. World-wide epidemical spread of obesity and consequences of obesity frequently results in neglection of eating disorders problems and in apprehension of obesitologists that the Eating disorders prevention could challenge their efforts in the prevention of obesity. Because the scientific approach can enrich both fields, possibilities to improve cooperation between them in the fields of clinical and preventive care are studied. They are based on the recognition of common risk factors and in the more effective and aimed prevention and therapy. Some new discoveries in this field are discussed.
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PMID:[New questions and their solution in eating disorders]. 1663 74


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