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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Epidemiologic data on the frequency of diabetes in the urban Greek population were lacking in Greece. Postpranadial urine samples of 21,410 inhabitants of a subturb of Athens were examined for glycosuria by two different enzymatic methods. It was found that 569 persons, i.e. 3.20% of the whole population aged 10 or more, presented postprandial glycosuria (cases of previously known diabetes were excluded); 417 persons out of these were submitted to an OGTT (50 g) and 135 new cases of diabetes were discovered. Glycosuria was associated with diabetes mostly in the age-groups above 40. Obesity was frequent among the newly discovered diabetes. Two thirds had abnormal blood sugar levels already in the fasting condition. The prevalence of non-diabetic glycosuria was 2.70% in males and 1.60% in females. The frequency of a family history positive for diabetes was found to be approximately twice as high in diabetics compared to subjects without glycosuria.
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PMID:Prevalence of diabetes among glycosuric individuals in an urban area of Greece. 61 86

The conception of a specific association between maturity-onset diabetes and manic-depressive psychosis, on a common basis with diencephalic functional obesity, has been recently taken again in consideration by the psychiatric literature. Investigations on this problem from diabetological point of view have been so far completely lacking, and are proposed with the present study. Symptomatic depressive conditions in diabetes are frequent and should be primarily separated from depressive endogenous psychosis. The pathogenesis of the association between diabetes of the adult-obese type and psychosis might be discussed according to a transactional theoretical model, assuming a positive feed-back mechanism of the two relationships: diabetes-psychosis and psychosis-diabetes. With these criteria, 4 observations of the clinical association were collected out of 274 admissions for diabetes, during 1976. Diabetes is intended as overt diabetes; obesity presented with the stenic picture; psychosis had a monopolar melancholic course. Similar clinical features were characteristic in all cases. The relationship diabetes-psychosis showed no evidence, unless importance should be given to a potential diabetes in 3 cases. On the contrary, the relationship psychosis-diabetes could be demonstrated in the four cases. A psychosomatic scheme connecting the neuro-hormonal correlations to a genetically conditioned exhaustion of the beta-function, is postulated. During melancholic recurrences, diabetes proved to be insulin-dependent and even insulin-resistent in 2 cases. Tricyclic antidepressant theraphy did not modify the metabolic situation.
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PMID:[Association of adult obese-type diabetes and depressive psychosis (clinical cases)]. 61

To date, there is little information available on stroke risk factors in a major ethnic minority such as Mexican-Americans (M-A) in the USA. Forty-three M-A patients were admitted to The Methodist Hospital and Ben Taub General Hospital (Houston) for a 12-month period, with diagnosis of atherosclerotic stroke. Thrombosis was diagnosed in 31 patients (72%), embolism from atherosclerotic sources in seven (16.4%), and parenchymal hemorrhage in five (11.6%). Hypertension was a common risk factor in all groups, being higher in hemorrhage followed by thrombosis and embolism. Arteriosclerotic heart disease was a common risk to all stroke types. TIAs, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, associated atherosclerotic lesions, smoking, obesity, erythrocytosis and sedentary life were significantly associated with embolism; less so with thrombosis or hemorrhage. Gout was only associated with thrombosis. These results indicate similar risk factors for Anglo-saxons and M-A in the USA with some minor differences between the Mexican and the USA stroke series.
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PMID:Risk factors in stroke in a Mexican-American population (Houston). 61 32

Small-bowel ischaemia is the least familiar cardiovascular complication of the oral contraceptive but is 1 associated with a high mortality rate and much morbidity. Hoyle et al have recently reviewed 21 cases and found that 1/2 the patients had died and 1/2 had required 2 or more operations, resulting in the removal of much of the small bowel. Small-bowel ischaemia occurs in women taking the oral contraceptive as a result of either mesenteric artery or mesenteric vein thrombosis. The dominant presenting symptom in small-bowel ischaemia, found in all patients, is abdominal pain. Some patients had associated nausea and vomiting; others complained of diarrhea. On examination the patient has usually been found to be febrile with generalized abdominal tenderness. Bowel sounds are present unless infarction has occurred. In nearly all cases reported the diagnosis has been made only at laparotomy, when the bowel was usually infarcted. Since many of the patients had had pain for 2 or more weeks, the condition might be reversible if it could be detected earlier. A diagnosis of small-bowel ischaemia should be carefully considered in any woman taking an oral contraceptive who presents with vague abdominal pain and has an associated condition known to predispose to circulatory disorders: cigarette smoking, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or blood group A. If it seems like small-bowel ischaemia is the likely diagnosis, the contraceptive pill should be stopped immediately and treatment started with heparin.
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PMID:Flap lacerations. 62 Jan 42

An association of coronary artery occlusion, as determined by coronary arteriography with age, prevalence of risk factors and alcohol intake was studied in 1635 male and 371 female heart patients. The degree of coronary artery occlusion was positively related to elevated cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, diabetes, age and history of smoking for both male and female patients. Hypertension was related to the degree of occlusion only for female patients. Male and female patients who had a higher alcohol intake tended to have less extensive occlusion. No positive association was found between obesity and the degree of occlusion. When the patients were divided on the basis of age (less than 50 and greater than or equal to 50 years) the findings did not differ. The lack of finding a relation between obesity and occlusion or between hypertension and occlusion for males differs from the general findings of epidemiologic studies on the relation between these risk factors and coronary heart disease. The authors believe that this discrepancy may either be explained by the way they selected patients (i.e., they selected patients who underwent a diagnostic angiographic examination), or that obesity and hypertension are not directly related to coronary occlusion but influence occlusive disease through some secondary mechanism.
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PMID:Risk factors and angiographically determined coronary occlusion. 62 92

Weight reduction is almost always successful in cases of essential hypertension if and when the weight loss is accompanied by a drastic sodium reduction. (2) Weight normalization is of remarkable help in complete reversal of abnormal glucose tolerance, decrease in insulin requirement in manifest diabetes mellitus, and - in many patients with mild diabetes - discontinuation of oral hypoglycemic agents. (3) Weight loss will occasionally relieve gout patients of their symptoms. The majority of hyperuricemic patients will benefit with a lowering of serum uric acid levels. (4) An unresolved issue is the influence of weight reduction on the cholesterol metabolism - short- and long-term results are by no means predictable. Whereas the triglycerides in obese patients almost always return to lower serum concentrations, and with them the hyperlipoproteinemias of type IIB, III and IV, the type IIA is only rarely seen in association with obesity. Therefore, information on this lipid abnormality is very limited regarding the effect of weight loss.
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PMID:The workinghman's diet. II. Effect of weight reduction in obese patients with hypertension, diabetes, hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia. 63 8

Nutrient requirements do not change markedly with advancing age, but life style, socioeconomic status, psychologic changes, and the presence of chronic disease alter nutrient intake in the elderly. It is important to recognize and deal with these factors in attempting to correct malnutrition and in prescribing dietary treatment. Malnutrition includes a variety of disorders: undernutrition, nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, and obesity. Frequent small feedings, with nutritional supplements for patients with profound weight loss, are the initial treatment for undernutrition. Iron supplements and a diet of foods rich in iron and in promoting iron absorption are required in treating iron deficiency anemia. Management of macrocytic anemia should include specific nutrient therapy plus improvement of diet to include leafy vegetables and animal foodstuffs. Diet is an important adjunct in treating chronic diseases. Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus often can be managed by diet alone, with attention to correct proportions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein and to the decreased caloric requirements of elderly patients. The importance of continuing dietary modifications in hyperlipidemia and hypertension is well known. Although dietary manipulation in osteoporosis is not curative, a diet high in calcium and containing adequate floride and vitamin D affords maximum dietary protection against progress of the disease.
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PMID:Guidelines for maintaining adequate nutrition in old age. 64 78

Epidemiological studies on the relationship of obesity, morbidity and mortality revealed the following results: In life insurance studies, excess mortality of obese people was found with more than 30 percent overweight. Mortality was caused by cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Obesity at issue of the policy in younger age was a greater risk than in the older age group. In prospective studies with long follow-up periods (greater than 16 years) it could be shown that obesity alone was a risk factor for coronary heart disease, the risk being greatest for men and middle aged women. However, the prevalence of accepted risk factors in an obese population is so high that the question whether obesity alone is a risk factor for coronary heart disease is of little interest. The correlations between obesity and risk factors were of minor magnitude; therefore other factors, such as age or HDL-cholesterol, should be considered in the elucidation of the relationship between obesity and coronary heart disease. HDL-cholesterol appears to be a powerful independent protective factor which is diminished in obesity. Despite the fact that studies proving a prolongation of life by treating obesity are not available, the treatment of obesity may be beneficial for the patient by diminishing risk factors.
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PMID:[Obesity and cardiovascular risk]. 64 7

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with two dominant pathogenic lesions, one resulting from a failure of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans and the other from resistance to the actions of insulin in peripheral tissue. Patients may demonstrate varying degrees of either or both lesions. Diet has an important place in the treatment of all diabetics. The most important objective is control of total caloric intake to attain and maintain ideal body weight. Obesity is diabetogenic. The diet of children with diabetes should allow them to grow and develop normally. Insulin-dependent diabetics must eat meals on a regular schedule. Carbohydrate intake should not be disproportionately restricted. Fat intake in diabetics and in nondiabetics should comprise only about 30% of total calories. Dietary instruction should not be a one-time affair. Physicians should seek the assistance of diet counselors when they are available. Many basic questions about diet and diabetes remain unanswered.
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PMID:Diet and diabetes mellitus: concepts and objectives. 65 76

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is released from the duodenum and jejunum following the ingestion of glucose, fat and amino acids. This hormone potentiates the glucose-induced insulin release from the beta-cells of the pancreas. The role of GIP as "incretin" is discussed. The method of the radioimmunoassay for the determination of GIP in serum samples is described. The lower limit of sensitivity of the GIP radioimmunoassay is in the range of 30-50 pg per ml serum. The described radioimmunoassay is sensitive enough to determine fasting levels of GIP in normal subjects (287 +/- 59 pg/ml). The clinical and pathophysiological importance of GIP is discussed by means of various diseases (obesity, maturity-onset diabetes mellitus, duodenal ulcer disease).
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PMID:[Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) (author's transl]. 65 87


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