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The increasing consumption of junk food and snacks in Chile in recent years and its association with marketing strategies and prevalent diseases, is reviewed. In the context of world economy, junk food is a global phenomenon. The availability of junk food and snacks at low prices and marketing has triggered an evolution of consumption of foods that require neither the structure nor the preparation of a formal meal. Many studies have suggested that the increase in snack consumption is associated with an increase in obesity, tooth decay and other chronic diseases among children and adolescents. The hypothesis suggests a link between the pattern of snack consumption and an increase increase in the energy density of food consumed, a decrease in satiety, passive over consumption, and an increase in obesity. Between 1977 and 1996, the contribution: of snacks to daily energy intake among children between 2 and 5 years increased by 30% in the United States. In each age group in Chile the frequency of non-transmissible chronic diseases is increasing due primarily to a westernized diet that is high in fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar and a sedentary lifestyle. Education about junk food consumption and healthy eating habits in the family, starling since childbirth and public policies about healthy lifestyles should be strengthened.
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PMID:[Junk food consumption and child nutrition. Nutritional anthropological analysis]. 1563 Dec 13

Lifestyle is an expression of individual choices and their interaction with the environment and is closely associated with risks for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. If taken cumulatively this syndrome may be referred to as "diabesity." The escalating prevalence of obesity among both children and adults is one modifiable dominant risk factor in this triad. An increase in body weight of approximately 2.2 pounds (1 kg) has been shown to increase risk for diabetes by 4.5%. Alternatively, a 5% to 10% decrease in body weight improves diabetes control. The metabolic syndrome of diabetes has been described as a consortium of conditions including dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. In randomized controlled clinical trials, dietary and physical activity interventions have been shown to be effective in decreasing risk for, as well as delaying conversion to, these disorders. Since 1977, 4 hallmark multisite clinical trials have been conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Finland confirming that improved glycemic and hypertensive control of patients through lifestyle interventions can have positive effects on associated complications and longitudinal outcomes. A fifth robust and well-controlled study is currently being conducted in multiple sites in the United States. Dietary behaviors are modulating factors not only in these metabolic and systemic conditions but also in risk for oral diseases such as dental caries. The association between obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and oral health status may be linked by these lifestyle behaviors. Promotion of weight management involves approaches that include diet, physical activity, and behavior modification. Established effective guidelines within these domains may be applicable to current practice and future studies designed to examine the associations between diabesity and oral health status.
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PMID:Lifestyle interventions for "diabesity": the state of the science. 1564 26

Of the 48 nutrition surveys conducted by the ICNND/Office of International Research/CDC Nutrition Programs during the years 1956-1970, 20 were performed in North America. Native Americans were surveyed in Alaska in 1958 and in Montana in 1961. In partnership with INCAP (Institute for Central America and Panama), six Central American countries were surveyed in 1965 through 1967. As mandated by Congress, 10 American states and one major city were surveyed during 1968-1970. Civilian and some military populations were included in these surveys. Teams of health, agriculture, and nutrition specialists drawn from academic institutions and from national and international agencies conducted each survey. We followed the methodology, standards, and definitions developed by ICNND in its Manual for Nutrition Surveys. Detailed findings, results and recommendations were published in a series of reports printed by the U.S. Government Printing Office. All 20 of the North American surveys found similar groups at risk of nutrition problems, including dental caries, goiter, growth retardation, female obesity, and "low" levels of hemoglobin, vitamin A, thiamin, and riboflavin. Survey recommendations followed common themes: nutrition education, nutrient fortification of food or water, expanded supplemental food programs, provision of safe water supplies, proper sanitation and food safety, and enhanced nutrient content of basic foods.
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PMID:The story of the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense's North American activities (1958-1970). 1586 19

This paper is intended to demonstrate to nutritionists, dietitians, paediatricians and other health care professionals as well as parents, primary and secondary school authorities, nutritional concerns pertaining to the consumption of soft drinks. High intake of soft drinks is associated with: 1) overweight or obesity because of the intake of additional calories in the diet; 2) increased risk of osteoporosis due to displacement of milk consumption, resulting in calcium deficiency and subsequent bone resorption; and 3) increased risk of dental caries and potential enamel erosion. School officials and parents should be aware of the health implications of vended drinks in schools before making a decision about pupils' and students' access to them.
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PMID:The role of the consumption of beverages in the obesity epidemic. 1592 Sep 26

Sugars ingested outside of meals play an important role in the etiology of caries. In this respect, sugar substitutes present a very interesting alternative. In addition to the recommendations and usual care to their patients, dental surgeons also have to inform them on a dietetic level. Chewing sugar-free chewing gum after any light meal when it is not followed by a brushing presents a real interest. The authors describe the different polyols and their respective uses. Polyols are widely found in foodstuffs (sweets, chewing-gum, biscuits, cooked meals for diabetic), pharmaceutical products (syrups, pastilles to be sucked, various medicines), non-pharmaceutical chemists (toothpastes, mouth-washes...). By the light of the most recent published works, the particular properties of xylitol are described. Polyols are more particularly indicated for sugar-eater or sick children (syrups), and for those carrying a hight risk of developing caries (progressive polycaries, hyposialie...). Therefore polyols are not only a means of stabilizing some pathologies (diabetes, obesity) but also a weapon in the prevention of dental caries.
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PMID:[The polyols in pediatric dentistry: advantages of xylitol]. 1596 35

Surveys have shown increases in dental caries in young persons in Kuwait. Intake of sugar and carbohydrates has increased, as has the incidence of obesity. The objective of this study was to identify dietary practices and the potential for dental disease in primary, intermediate, and secondary school students in a health region. A random sample of 600 students aged 8, 13, and 17 yrs in 12 schools (6 boys' schools and 6 girls' schools) received a questionnaire. Responses were analyzed by age group, gender, and dietary practices at home and in school. The dietary composition of meals tended to be similar at all ages and in both genders. A total of 97% of 8-yr-old, 96% of 13-yr-old, and 92% of 17-yr-old students reported snacking at school. Sugar intake from identified snacks alone was calculated as 193.8 g/day or the estimated equivalent of 746 calories, and daily fat intake was 70.17 g. A total of 88.6% of respondents (56.6% of all children) used fluoridated toothpaste; 44.4% of all children (22.6% of 8-yr-old, 14.1% of 13-yr-old, and 7.7% of 17-yr-old students) reported brushing their teeth three times per day. Use of school snacks increased with age, while use of a toothbrush decreased. Fundamental oral hygiene procedures such as brushing and use of fluoridated toothpaste appear to have been implemented. Health workers need to provide new and pertinent oral health messages, nutrition counseling, attention to diet, and reinforcement with parents, food preparers, health facilities, and intermediate and secondary schools.
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PMID:Dietary habits of the primary to secondary school population and implications for oral health. 1684 70

A retrospective study was performed in 68 patients diagnosed as having idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with steroid-dependent, steroid-resistant or frequent relapse subtypes at the Department of Pediatrics, Siriraj Hospital during Jan 1996-Dec 2004. Male to female ratio was 3.3:1 and mean age (+/- SD) was 8.4 +/- 3.5 years. Mean follow up time (+/- SD) was 47.4 +/- 30.5 months. Renal biopsy was done in 60 patients, showing IgM nephropathy in 73.3%. Fifty-four patients (79.4%) received cyclophosphamide at a dose (+/- SD) of 2.2 +/- 0.5 mg/kg/d for 11.6 +/- 3.4 weeks. Negative proteinuria at 1 year was found in 70% and prednisolone was discontinued in 52%. Leucopenia was found in 9.2%. At last follow up, 34% of the patients were still in remission. Enalapril was prescribed in 50 patients for 12.4 +/- 10.0 months. Thirty-six patients also received cyclophosphamide. Remission at 1 year was achieved in 66% and prednisolone discontinued in 28%. Twelve patients (24%) were still in remission at last follow up. The results of 3 regimens: cyclophosphamide, enalapril, and cyclophosphamide plus enalapril were compared using chi-square test. Remission was significantly better in cyclophosphamide group (p = 0.014). Dipyridamole was prescribed in 14 patients due to thrombocytosis. Only 2 of 14 patients achieved remission although 11 patients received cyclophosphamide plus enalapril, and another 2 patients received only cyclophosphamide. Complications included hypertension (44%), cataract (40%), glaucoma (15%), short stature (17.6%), and obesity (5.9%). Recurrent infection was found in 69%, including dental caries (16.29%), urinary tract infection (14.7%), intestinal parasitic infestration (10.3%), respiratory tract infection (8.8%), and skin infection (7.4%). Chronic renal failure was found in 3 patients and portal vein thrombosis was found in 1 patient. We suggest that cyclophosphamide should be used as first line drug in difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome patients. Enalapril may be beneficial in some patients. Thrombocytosis may be associated with poor response to both medications. Difficult-to-treat patients also need long-term follow up and surveillance for complications due to disease and/or treatment.
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PMID:Difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome: management and outcome. 1685 34

Highly added sugar diets have been associated with various health problems such as dental caries, dyslipidemia, obesity and poor quality of life. Unfortunately, sugar consumption, especially sucrose, has increased continuously worldwide. The purpose of the study was to examine sources of sugar consumption and amount of added sucrose consumed in Thai undergraduate students. This study was carried out at Khon Kaen University, Thailand, between the years 2004-2005. A complete 3-day record of items and amounts of sweet consumption were obtained from 202 individuals--38 male and 164 female students. Added sucrose content of each sweetened food and drinks referred to in the record was determined by an enzymatic method. Mean intakes of sucrose were calculated from the sucrose content. The average of sucrose consumption in all subjects was 69+/-38 g/day, ranged from 4 to 182 g/day or 17 teaspoons of added sucrose per day. This amount accounted for 13.8% of total daily energy intake. There was a record of 337 kinds of sweetened foods and drinks found. The major source of added sucrose consumption was sweetened beverage, which was consumed 118 g/day averagely, or 60% of daily sugar consumption. Intake of sucrose per day in both male and female was not statistically difference, neither among different BMI groups. Intake of added sugar in the students was higher than the recommendation of the World Health Organization. These data would be helpful in a health promotion campaign aimed at a reduction of sugar consumption in Thai undergraduate students.
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PMID:Sucrose consumption in Thai undergraduate students. 1739 71

Young children embark on a transitional nutritional journey, progressing from total reliance on caregivers to independence, autonomy and self-determination. Appropriate nutritional intake in young children is a diverse concept, incorporating suitable nutritional choices and feeding behaviours. Lessons learnt in childhood will have long-term effects on the individual and society overall. Since South African children are raised in a country where under- and over-nutrition exist simultaneously, a careful balance should be achieved in any national public health message. The South African paediatric food-based dietary guidelines for children younger than 7 years strive to facilitate the education of carers of young children in the adoption of healthy eating practices. The guidelines address issues regarding variety in the diet that has been shown to improve both micro- and macronutrient intakes. Specific reference is made to starchy foods, vegetables, fruit and water along with protein sources, which should be consumed regularly. Milk, has been emphasised in these guidelines because of the poor calcium intake in South African children. The only guideline that limits intake is the sweet treats or drinks message, because of public health concerns such as obesity and dental caries. Other messages pertaining to eating habits take cognisance of the child's physiological limitations in gastric capacity and suggest small regular meals. Clean, safe drinking water is the beverage of choice. Non-food-based guidelines are also included, which recognize the importance of active play, for developmental and health purposes, as well as regular clinic attendance.
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PMID:Feeding the 1 to 7-year-old child. A support paper for the South African paediatric food-based dietary guidelines. 1782 56

Obesity in the young is a public health priority. The prevalence of overweight children in the United States has risen almost threefold in the last two decades. An association between weight and oral health has been suggested in adults, whereas evidence supporting this association in children is controversial at best. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between weight and dental caries in a random prospective cohort of children at their initial visit at an urban dental school. One hundred and thirty-five children were recruited in a four-month period. The DS/ds index was used to assess caries, and BMI percentile was calculated based on age and gender-adjusted published scales. Correlation analyses, linear, and multivariate regression including age, gender, and BMI were calculated with a significance threshold of p>0.05. No correlation between dental decay in obese and non-obese children was detected (p=0.99). These findings support recent U.S. population-based literature that reports an inverse association between caries and weight in certain pediatric groups. Nevertheless, the impact of interventions to address the epidemic in the dental setting has not been investigated. As part of a health care team, dental students should be exposed to the changing demographics and sequelae of overweight in children.
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PMID:Is there an association between weight and dental caries among pediatric patients in an urban dental school? A correlation study. 1797 73


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