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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Few dietary components are surrounded by more misinformation and myths than the calorie. This confusion can be attributed in part to a lack of accurate and practical methods for assessing energy intake and thus requirements in humans over periods extending beyond several days. The availability of modern respiratory-chamber indirect calorimetry systems and results from human studies with doubly labeled water are now helping to clarify uncertainties surrounding energy requirements. We describe studies of patients with endogenous obesity as an example of how these research methods are resolving long-standing questions regarding energy requirements. The results of these investigations reveal some of the flaws in estimating energy requirements by self-report methods. Advances in accurately measuring energy expenditure are making important contributions to the study of human energy requirements and are providing new and important research opportunities.
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PMID:The calorie: myth, measurement, and reality. 748 18

The Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), which consists of polydactyly, obesity, mental retardation, pigmentary retinopathy and hypogonadism has been known since 1922, but due to the great similarity to the clinical manifestations of the Laurence-Moon syndrome (LMS) there is a considerable terminological confusion in the medical literature. An attempt is made at clarifying the problem. Four children from two families have been observed. There were inter- and intrafamilial variabilities of the expression and severity of the particular features, but retinopathy and structural and/or functional abnormalities were found in 100%. The combination of the two can serve as an easy clinical screening for diagnosis of the disease. Renal involvement is considered to be a cardinal feature of the syndrome. The most common and earliest symptoms are polydypso-polyuria and reduced concentrating ability, which may lead to some diagnostic difficulties, especially in infancy. Three children have end-stage renal disease and two of them are on maintenance haemodialysis, which they tolerate well.
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PMID:Clinical aspects of renal involvement in Bardet-Biedl syndrome. 827 Mar 81

Our objective was to determine the prevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Type 2 Diabetes, in the province of Leon, Spain, and to investigate the relationship between birth order and the presence of diabetes. A cross-sectional study was therefore carried out on a stratified sample of the adult population (n = 569). The participants completed a socio-demographic questionnaire and an analysis of their basal capillary glycaemia and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after a 75 g load according to WHO recommendations. Type 2 diabetes prevalence was 5.62%. It was higher in subjects with a birth order above 4 than among those with a birth order below or equal to 4. (16.81% vs 2.85%, p < 0.001). This remained after adjusting for age. It was not proved that either sex, obesity or a family history of diabetes could amount to confusion factors. Greater values of fasting glycaemia (5.12 vs 4.73 mmol/l, p < 0.001) and less satisfactory post-OGTT glycaemic curves were also shown is subjects with a birth order > 4. Although it was not-possible to definitely conclude, from our study, that children born after the fourth birth have a greater risk of presenting alterations in their carbohydrate metabolism, there are indicators arguing for a more detailed study of such a possibility.
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PMID:Is there a relationship between non-insulin diabetes mellitus and birth order? 833 55

Obesity is a multifactorial, complicated condition or group of conditions that afflicts a growing number of people in the United States. Precise etiologies are not well understood, and both commercial and medical treatment programs are characterized by high rates of recidivism. A cultural preoccupation with slimness has created a huge industry serving millions of people who are attempting continually to reduce weight. Contradictory messages from professionals have led to confusion concerning the health implications of obesity and the potential risks of repeated dieting. This review summarizes the major areas of consensus and controversy concerning the health implications of obesity and weight loss and suggests directions for treatment that take into account the complex causes and consequences of obesity.
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PMID:Obesity, weight loss, and health. 845 14

Overweight is associated with multiple adverse health consequences, many of which have been addressed by the experts participating in this Roundtable on Healthy Weight organized by the American Health Foundation. While research and vigorous debate continue on the etiology, treatment, and prevention of obesity, health care professionals face a crucial challenge: effectively communicating current knowledge of the links between overweight and adverse health outcomes. Communications challenges that must be overcome include the clutter of diverse messages, distrust of experts, the anti-diet movement, public confusion, and misunderstandings about scientific reports. An effective communications strategy needs to focus on simple, friendly messages that are consistent with scientific evidence yet understandable to individuals in ways that promote acknowledgment of personal responsibility and promote action.
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PMID:Overweight and health: communications challenges and opportunities. 861 45

The first stage in the development of anorexia nervosa involves voluntary restriction of food intake, that is, diet. Marked weight loss, impairment in body image, and deterioration of health ensue. Anorexia nervosa is much more prevalent among women than men. Its etiology and presentation are mostly similar for both sexes. Certain features, such as greater premorbid obesity and sexual identity concerns, are thought to be more prevalent in male patients. We present 2 male patients who had undergone gastroplasty for morbid obesity and subsequently developed anorexia nervosa. Both evinced signs of identity confusion. Neither one of the patients underwent psychiatric evaluation before surgery. The cases described illustrate that anorexia nervosa may succeed acute and marked weight loss following gastroplasty. This emphasizes the need for a psychiatric assessment before bariatric surgery, and should alert clinicians to search for elements that may predispose vulnerable individuals to a risk of developing anorexia nervosa.
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PMID:Anorexia nervosa following gastroplasty in the male: two cases. 864 Jan 97

The average weight of American adults is increasing, despite vast sums being spent on attempts at weight loss. Above-average weight in midlife is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as patients age. Nonetheless, there is confusion about what are "desirable" weight levels. Commonly-used actuarial tables do not account for the modest, normal weight gains seen at midlife; therefore, age-adjusted tables are recommended. Treatment of obesity, one of the most common malnutrition disorders, is difficult, requires a "chronic disease" approach, and should be considered in the context of other risks to health.
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PMID:Weight control and nutrition: knowing when to intervene. 911 34

The multifactorial nature of cataractogenesis has been further exposed in recent epidemiologic studies, most efficiently by four case-control studies. The factors found include various plasma constituents, steroids, alcohol, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Further examination of dietary factors leaves confusion as to their role in the prevention of cataract.
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PMID:Recent studies of risk factors and protective factors for cataract. 1016 73

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease have been defined by various groups and experts for decades. Unfortunately, the lack of consensus among these groups and the periodic changes in risk factor listings have led to confusion among health care professionals. Because so many risk factors inter-relate, it is difficult to isolate the effect of a specific risk factor on the lipid profile. In an effort to eliminate some of the confusion, this article describes the known effects of physical inactivity, obesity, cigarette smoking, age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus on lipids and lipoproteins. A summary of the known results is displayed in a table. Because of the complexity of the atherosclerotic disease process and the multifactorial influences on lipid metabolism, this remains an exciting and challenging area for research.
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PMID:Coronary risk factors: influences on the lipid profile. 1065 73

There is focused awareness of severe obesity, its health risk and possible solutions. Yet there remains confusion and skepticism among the medical profession over therapeutic action. Basic questions unanswered project futility toward solving the problem, while the general public is driven toward unsound solutions which are costly. A cloud of cynicism pervades for those seeking to control this problem surgically. The problem will persist. Its health risks increasingly will demand attention, and solution will be sought by surgical means which is the only control for comorbidity, but does not cure severe obesity. Pressure to totally control excess weight results in undesirable side-effects. Careful judgment must be used. Now insight is desperately needed to understand severe obesity, its etiology and pathophysiology. This Insight is likely to come from careful observations of those engaged in its control. Surgical control, profound in its success, provides a model that should lead to more complete understanding of severe obesity, as in the example of "Burns-The Universal Trauma Model." Those experienced and engaged in this work show courage in this orphan field of endeavor. They lead the way as general surgeons and gastrointestinal surgeons with broad application of knowledge for this model. This society will continue to focus the expertise and the opportunities in this area. The future predicted is exciting and demanding.
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PMID:What is the Future of Surgical Treatment of Obesity; What Will be the Place of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery? 1075 43


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