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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pharmacologic doses of thyroid hormones were administered chronically in diets and acutely by injection to determine their metabolic effects on the development of obesity and the response to cold stress in genetically obese mice. Feeding a 0.1% thyroid powder (TP) diet for 6 weeks to weanling male mice resulted in a marked reduction in weight gain and high mortality in obese but not in non-obese mice. Diets containing 0.01 and 0.02% TP also produced enhanced effects in obese mice during a 13-week feeding period as indicated by reduced body weight, fat and protein and reduced blood glucose at ambient temperature. Both acute and chronic treatment with thyroid hormone produced similar effects in the cold (4 degrees). Blood glucose concentrations were reduced in both obese and non-obese mice, but blood free fatty acid values were unchanged due to hormone treatment. Neither acute nor chronic treatment with thyroid hormones prolonged survival of obese mice during cold exposure. These results suggest a normal or enhanced fat mobilization and utilization in response to exogenous thyroid hormone at ambient temperature. However, the defect in utilization of energy stores for thermogenesis during cold exposure was not ameliorated by this treatment.
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PMID:Influence of thyroid hormone treatment on growth, body composition and metabolism during cold stress in genetically obese mice. 698 55

Intra-arterial pressure was recorded continuously in 26 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension under standardized conditions. Recordings were analyzed beat by beat to obtain mean pressures and variability, expressed as the standard deviation of the frequency histogram. The major factors influencing variability were the level of pressure and the intensity of physical activity; systolic variability increased with progressive impairment of sino-aortic baroreflexes. Diastolic pressure increased with the level of sympathetic activity as reflected by plasma norepinephrine levels. After allowance for the decrease of plasma renin activity (PRA) with age, direct relationships were observed between PRA (log values) and the level of pressure and systolic variability; plasma angiotensin II values did not correlate. Systolic variability increased with the systolic response to cold but was unrelated to the response to dynamic or isometric exercise. Variability also tended to increase with obesity and was unrelated to age, sex, or race.
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PMID:Factors determining direct arterial pressure and its variability in hypertensive man. 699 60

Brown adipose tissue, a well known effector of regulatory thermogenesis found in mammals, is unique in its ability to steadily increase its heat production several fold for very long periods of time. It constitutes a shunt of energy flow between food intake and heat dissipation, it is activated through its sympathetic nerve supply. There are evidence in the rat, that brown adipose tissue is activated following overfeeding, thus decreasing food efficiency and determining resistance to obesity. Genetically obese (ob/ob) mice fed and kept at 22 degrees C lack the possibility of activating their brown fat energy shunt; they are known to be poorly resistant to cold stress despite their large insulation. This is taken as a further circumstantial evidence of an overlap in thermal and food efficiency regulatory systems in rodents through sympathetically controlled brown fast as a common effector.
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PMID:Is there a sympathetic regulation of the efficiency of energy utilization? 701 32

The two mouse mutants, obese (ob) and diabetes (db), cause similar diabetes-obesity syndromes that are characterized by a marked increase in apparent metabolic efficiency with regard to utilization of energy. A failure to thermoregulate in a normal fashion would save energy which could then be diverted to other functions and be reflected as increased metabolic efficiency. This study assesses the contribution of a defect in thermogenesis to the increased metabolic efficiency. Thermogenesis in obese (ob) and diabetes (db) mutant mice was quantified at various environmental temperatures. Both mutants maintained body temperatures near normal when maintained at ambient temperatures (23 degrees C), and if exposed to cold at 10 degrees C for a brief period, became cold-adapted and would survive indefinitely at 4 degrees C. Rectal temperatures of mutants maintained at 4 degrees C were only 1 degree -2 degrees C less than those seen in normal mice. This maintenance of nearly normal body temperature at temperatures less than thermoneutral was reflected by increased food consumption in all mice maintained in the cold. The data presented suggest that the defect in thermogenesis in both mutants is not a major cause of the increased metabolic efficiency. Hyperinsulinaemia, a consistent feature of both mutants, might by increasing anabolic processes (synthesis) and decreasing degradation spare energy normally used for tissue turnover and account for some of this increased metabolic efficiency.
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PMID:Thermogenesis in diabetes-obesity syndromes in mutant mice. 707 18

Responsiveness of glucagon secretion to various stimuli was examined in Zucker fatty rats. Epinephrine infusion and cold exposure increased the plasma glucagon level to the same extent in fatty and lean rats, although the plasma glucose responses to these stimuli were much higher in fatty rats than in lean rats. Glucagon secretion in response to hypoglycemia due to insulin administration was markedly blunted in fatty rats. When arginine was infused, fatty rats showed enhanced secretion of glucagon and insulin, and elevation of plasma glucose as compared with lean rats. Streptozotocin (STZ)-treatment of fatty rats decreased insulin response to arginine but had no effect on exaggerated glucagon secretion. Arginine-stimulated glucagon secretion of lean rats was exaggerated by STZ treatment. From these results, glucagon secretion of fatty rats seemed unresponsive to inhibitory effects of glucose and insulin. The ventromedial hypothalamus-lesioned obese rats showed enhanced secretion of glucagon and insulin, and elevation of plasma glucose in response to arginine as observed in fatty rats. We conclude that the abnormalities of A cells in fatty rats are presumably secondary to obesity rather than caused by the fa gene.
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PMID:Abnormal glucagon secretion in Zucker fatty rats. 726 23

Lean and genetically obese (ob/ob): mice were treated daily for 2 wk with thyroxine (T4), noradrenaline, or thyroxine plus noradrenaline. T4 treatment of obese mice increased the abnormally low binding of GDP to brown adipose tissue mitochondria and permitted a cold-induced increase to occur. It also brought about a return to a more normal ultrastructure of the mitochondria of the obese mice. T4 treatment did not alter the binding of GDP to brown adipose tissue mitochondria of lean mice. The binding of GDP to brown adipose tissue mitochondria is known to be to a 32,000-dalton polypeptide associated with the thermogenic proton conductance pathway. T4 treatment did not alter the proportion of this polypeptide in the mitochondrial membrane in either lean or obese mice. Treatment with noradrenaline did not alter the binding of GDP to brown adipose tissue mitochondria in either lean or obese mice. The effect of T4 is thought to be due to an improvement in the defective responsiveness of brown adipose tissue to endogenous noradrenaline in the obese mice, known to be related to their poor cold resistance and obesity. The improvement allows a more normal noradrenaline-induced unmasking of GDP binding sites, both in response to diet and in response to cold. Such treatment is known to improve cold resistance of the obese mice, and this appears to be correlated with an improvement in the functioning of their defective brown adipose tissue.
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PMID:Abnormal brown adipose tissue in genetically obese mice (ob/ob): effect of thyroxine. 732 26

The functional integrity of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla was assessed in homozygous, lean and obese, 7--8 month old male Zucker rats by the changes in plasma catecholamines during cold and immobilization stresses. Five of eight obese, but no lean rats died during a 24 hr cold stress (4--7 degrees C) from hypothermia. While both lean and obese rats had decreased rectal temperatures after 4 hr of cold stress, the obese had lower temperatures, relatively less of an increase of plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) than the lean rats, and were unable to consistently maintain their temperatures even during intravenous NE infusions. Obese rats had lower rectal temperatures and higher plasma NE and dopamine levels at 21--22 degrees C ambient temperature, a relative failure to increase plasma NE and E levels after 1 hr of immobilization, but normal or supranormal plasma catecholamine levels after decapitation compared to the lean rats. These results suggest that the obese Zucker rat has abnormalities of both peripheral sympatho-adrenal function and thermoregulation, which may play roles in the development and/or maintenance of many of the physiological and metabolic defects in this animal model of genetic obesity.
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PMID:Abnormal sympatho- adrenal function and plasma catecholamines in obese Zucker rats. 740 13

The safety of ultrasounds lipolysis in the treatment of local obesity and lipodystrophies versus suction lipectomy (less blood loss because of a lower impact on blood vessels network, and less mortality) induced us to combine these mini-invasive techniques in the treatment of obese patients. Between 1991 and 1994 we treated 205 patients (146 females, 59 males, 18-59 range age), affected by 1st degree obesity (44.4%), 2nd degree obesity (27.3%) and 3rd degree obesity (28.3%), accordingly to the following schedule: 1) general anesthesia; 2) subdermal infiltration of the operating sites of a cold sodium chloride (0.9%) epinephrine solution (1:10(5), 8 degrees C); 3) 0.5 cm cutaneous incisions; 4) introduction of titanium tips as ultrasounds source; 5) insertion of suction lipectomy probes to remove the adipose tissue destroyed by ultrasounds; 6) drainage of the wide subcutaneous space; 7) setting of elastic bandages. Mortality was zero and very low side effects have been observed. We report an improvement of blood glucose and triglycerides level and blood pressure 30 days after surgery. Fair late postoperative improvement of the blood glucose tolerance test have been seen in 3 cases.
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PMID:[Ultrasonic suction lipectomy. A mini-invasive treatment of obesity]. 762 80

The hypothesis proposed in this review provides a novel view of both the control of feeding and the function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. It takes into account the episodic nature of feeding in rats allowed free access to food and the necessity for episodic events in the controlling systems which govern initiation and termination of feeding. A feeding episode is proposed to occur during an episode of increased sympathetic nervous system activity that stimulates BAT thermogenesis and increases body temperature. Two different aspects of stimulated BAT metabolism, namely increased uptake of glucose and increased heat production, evoke initiation and termination of feeding, respectively. Initiation is mediated by a transient dip in blood glucose concentration caused by stimulated glucose utilization in BAT. Feeding continues while both BAT and core temperature continue to rise. Termination is induced by the high level of core temperature brought about by the episode of stimulated BAT thermogenesis. The time between initiation and termination determines the size of the meal and depends on the balance between BAT thermogenesis and heat loss, and thus on ambient temperature. The underlying cause of the episodic stimulation of sympathetic nervous system activity is a decline in core temperature to a level recognized by the hypothalamus as needing a burst of increased heat production. Thus, BAT thermogenesis is important in control of meal size, relating it to thermoregulatory needs. When this function is lost, as in many obese animal models of obesity, the animal loses its ability to remain in energy balance by precisely adjusting its intake in relation to environmental temperature and meal size increases. The hypothesis also predicts that an increase in endogenous heat production that is not due to BAT thermogenesis will prevent the matching of intake to increased expenditure via thermoregulatory feeding. This is seen, for example, in the shivering rat during the early stage of acclimation to cold. Feeding is viewed as the outcome of a thermoregulatory event. Rats do not eat to warm up; they start to eat after they have started to warm up and stop eating once they have warmed up. The phenomenon is termed thermoregulatory feeding, to distinguish it from feeding initiated by other stimuli.
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PMID:Role of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in control of thermoregulatory feeding in rats: a new hypothesis that links thermostatic and glucostatic hypotheses for control of food intake. 783 48

In industrialised countries the problem of overweight affects more than 50% of the adult population. Knowledge acquired over the past years has replaced the principally esthetic concept of obesity with the notion of a multifactorial pathology, the outcome of an imbalance in the individual's energy balance caused by an excessive food intake as well as an inadequate energy consumption. The Fat Mobilisation System (FMS), which is able to activate a fat clearance process following cold local application, has proved a valuable and well tolerated tool capable of influencing the entire system responsible for obesity. A group of 109 patients of both sexes, aged between 15 and 71 years old, with problems of overweight and/or figure faults linked to the localised accumulation of fat, underwent out-patient treatment in the form of bandaging with elasticated bandages soaked in active solution able to lower body temperature by 2-3 degrees C. The results were satisfactory in all cases. In particular, a group of 24 women (10 of a childbearing age, 7 in premenopause and 7 in menopause), in whom overweight was associated with gynecological problems, were evaluated by Department A of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the University of Turin. An improvement in gynecological symptoms was achieved in parallel to weight loss in all patients.
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PMID:Efficacy of Fat Mobilisation System (FMS) in the treatment of obesity and its utility in the resolution of gynecological problems related to overweight. 787 29


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