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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Quality of life is poor in obese people because of poor physical health and mental well-being and impaired psychosocial functioning. Obese people perceive discrimination and prejudice against them as their heaviest burden. Reports of absence of psychopathology in obese people reflect adaptation to chronic disease or failure of assessment instruments to detect disturbances. We present information on the extraordinary suffering and perceived discrimination of obese people and discuss econometric assessment of quality of life. The Swedish national population study of obese subjects (SOS) is presented as well as studies of effects of surgical weight loss on quality of life. Most studies lack adequate controls and extrapolations from surgical populations are uncertain. Psychosocial factors are important predictors of outcome in terms of physical as well as mental health. Operated patients with significant weight loss after surgery demonstrate dramatic improvement in quality of life. This alone justifies treating severely obese patients surgically.
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PMID:Assessment of quality of life before and after surgery for severe obesity. 173 39

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Effective programs for the prevention and control of CVD need to include data-based planning and evaluation at the State and local levels. The authors describe the development of data-driven planning and intervention strategies in Missouri. Statewide planning activities have resulted in the formation of an advisory committee and development of a State plan, a resource directory, and training courses. Analysis of mortality data revealed an unusual concentration of CVD deaths in the southeast portion of the State. Local coalitions are being developed in each of six counties in this region to reduce the prevalence of CVD risk factors. A regional behavioral risk factor survey of 1,006 adults identified key risk factors that will be addressed by the coalitions. These data suggested that physical inactivity, obesity, and hypertension are especially acute problems in the area. Key components of the local coalition development included providing localized data and obtaining the strong commitment of the local health departments. Expanded use of chronic disease surveillance data for planning and evaluation will increase the probability that localities, States, and the nation will achieve Year 2000 Health Objectives. The data-based planning process is described as a possible model for use by other States and localities.
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PMID:The role of data-driven planning and coalition development in preventing cardiovascular disease. 173 6

On the basis of medical monitoring of the flying personnel, their body weight variations as a function of age and disease were studied (trauma complications, malformations, refraction, color perception, obesity without concomitant diseases were ignored). The subjects were subdivided into two groups with respect to the age when the first chronic disease was detected. It was demonstrated that the airmen who remained healthy for a long period of time had body weight values close to the group mean and age-related body weight gain within normal limits. The subjects who fell ill when younger than 28 years had a high body weight and those who fell ill at the age of 28-32 years had a low body weight which increased drastically at the age of 30-35 years.
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PMID:[Longitudinal study of health status of pilots: changes in body weight]. 177 Jul 68

Mexican-Americans represent the single largest component of the US Hispanic population and have been shown to bear a disproportionate burden of chronic disease. A representative sample of 1,004 Mexican-Americans aged 15-74 years from Starr County, Tex., was recruited for this study. Each subject was provided a detailed physical evaluation that included measurement of fasting levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and its subfractions (HDL2 and HDL3) alpha- and beta-lipoprotein cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, and E were determined for approximately 550 of these individuals. Age- and sex-specific mean levels and percentile cut points are presented. The distributions of lipoproteins are quite similar to those of the general population except for consistently higher triglycerides in males and females and lower HDL cholesterol levels in females. These findings are consistent with the high frequency of obesity. Comparative age- and sex-specific data for the apolipoproteins are not widely available. Where such data exist, apolipoprotein levels observed in the Mexican-American population tend to be similar to or lower than the comparative data.
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PMID:Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels among Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas. 198 89

For many decades there has been adequate information for the elimination of acute dietary deficiency diseases. Scurvy, beri-beri, and pellagra, once serious scourges, are now seen only rarely. The severe forms of protein-energy malnutrition, kwashiorkor and marasmus, have also decreased greatly. Nonetheless, mild to moderate forms of protein-energy deficiency, exacerbated by infection, continue to impair growth and development in a majority of the low-income pre-school age populations of most developing countries. Deficiencies of iron, iodine, and vitamin A are still widespread in developing countries. Fortunately, the success of the WHO/UNICEF "Child Survival and Development Revolution" in persuading most developing countries to introduce expanded programs of immunization, growth monitoring, and appropriate feeding of young children, control of diarrheal disease, and specific campaigns against avitaminosis A, iodine deficiency disorders, and the functional consequences of iron deficiency, will accelerate the decline of acute deficiency diseases in the developing world. Diets are changing among the more affluent in these countries, however, and it is time for them to stress dietary goals for the health of rich and poor alike. For the first time there is enough information regarding dietary risk factors for chronic disease to provide an opportunity in the 1990s to accelerate the dietary changes that have already brought significant health benefits to some populations in North America and Europe. The changes, which include a lower dietary intake of fat, particularly saturated fat, less salt, and more green and yellow vegetable and whole grain cereals, can be expected to influence favorably morbidity from cardiovascular diseases and some kinds of cancer. For maximum benefit, these measures need to be combined with the avoidance of obesity, reasonable physical activity, abstention from, or moderate use of, alcohol, and avoidance of tobacco in any form. Since there is already considerable momentum toward these changes in North America and some European countries, the 1990s are likely to see substantial further progress in the reduction of chronic diseases known to be influenced by diet.
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PMID:Nutrition: prospects for the 1990s. 219 71

The lessons learned from developing countries which are applicable equally to developed countries include the recognition that poverty and social justice are an integral part of a health strategy, that disease prevention involved active participation of the population, that better cost effective measures are desirable, and that individual and community involvement need to be encouraged. Prior to 1940, health care strategy involved the doctor as the locus of care for curing disease. Thereafter, through the agenda of the WHO, there was a shift towards emphasis on community health, environmental sanitation, health education, and prevention; the goal was health for all. The 1978 WHO meeting in Alma-Ata set goals for the year 2000 as 1) health care users being actively involved in caring for themselves, 2) the implementation of cost effective strategies, 3) expanding the health team to other disciplines, and 4) achieving equity in services provided and outcomes. Primary health care approaches have successfully reduced infant and child mortality through immunization, clean water and sanitation efforts, breast feeding, household involvement in treatment of diarrhea, and monitoring growth and nutrition. The lesson to be learned from developed countries is that prevention is more cost effective than illness management, particularly with the availability of new expensive technologies. Education and other primary prevention efforts can be successful in reducing smoking, auto fatalities, environmental contamination, and AIDS. Health in the US: 50-100 years ago was similar to that in developing countries today, and the shift from infectious disease to chronic disease was not smooth. Countries like Mexico are already straining under the difficulties of both disease patterns, while Brazil's public resources spent on illness treatment have jumped from 36% in 1965 to 85% in 1982, or 6% of the GNP. This could easily expand to the US figure of 12% due to similar problems with injuries, heart and cerebrovascular disease, cancer, dietary patterns of high salt and fat intake inadequate exercise and obesity, and environmental risks.
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PMID:Prevention in developing countries. 223 Oct 55

Use of drugs for the treatment of obesity is regarded more skeptically than drug use in other chronic disease; this view, however, may be inappropriate. Anorexiant drugs, the major class of drugs currently available for treating obesity, differ in several important ways, including whether they act on noradrenergic or serotonergic systems and in their potential for abuse. New approaches to drug treatment of obesity include thermogenic agents and drugs acting on the digestive system and hormones.
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PMID:Drug treatment of obesity. 264 6

In 1975, the American Health Foundation initiated the development, implementation, and evaluation of a school-based, teacher-delivered program of the primary prevention of heart disease, cancer, and stroke. The aims of this program, entitled "Know Your Body," are to modify favorably the population distributions of risk factors for chronic disease through changes in diet, physical activity, and cigarette smoking. After more than a decade of investigation, this program has been found to be feasible and acceptable to school personnel, students, and parents, and appears to have had favorable effects on prevention-related knowledge, dietary intake, obesity, blood cholesterol levels, and the rate of initiation of cigarette smoking among diverse populations of school children in the New York City area. If these findings can be replicated, the widespread implementation of such programs has the potential to reduce the population risk for the future development of the nation's leading causes of premature mortality.
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PMID:The development, implementation, evaluation, and future directions of a chronic disease prevention program for children: the "Know Your Body" studies. 271 Jul 63

Little is known about the extent to which older adults engage in exercise, despite recent enthusiasm for exercise among people of all ages. This report describes the exercise patterns in a well-defined population of older adults living in southern California. From 1984 through 1987, we asked 1,140 members of a previously defined adult community 50-93 years of age to report the frequency and duration of participation in 14 leisure-time activities in the two weeks preceding a physical examination. Exercises were categorized as light, moderate, or heavy according to a previously validated scale. Interviewers ascertained information on chronic disease history, cigarette smoking, physical and emotional functioning, and self-rated health. More than 90% of the group reported some physical activity in the two-week period before their evaluation. While the rates of moderate and heavy exercise decreased with age, rates of participation in and duration of light exercise actually increased. Walking was the most common form of exercise reported and was positively associated with other exercise: walkers were more likely to engage in nearly every form of exercise ascertained by the questionnaire than were nonwalkers. Of those who walked or engaged in moderate or heavy exercise, nearly 60% did so three times a week for at least 20 minutes a time. Exercise frequency was lower in those with a history of chronic disease, obesity, or current cigarette smoking, and exercise was positively associated with physical and emotional functioning and self-rated health. These data illustrate that older adults can and do exercise late into life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Exercise patterns in a population of older adults. 273 Jul 94

In summary, the best diet for an insulin-requiring diabetic person is a diet that can be best integrated into the person's lifestyle, one that is best matched to an insulin regimen acceptable to that person, and one that leads to the best control of the 24-hour integrated blood glucose concentration. Should future research indicate that a very high-CHO, low-fat diet is of additional benefit to the patient, then the dietary recommendations to the patient should be altered accordingly. It should be understood that diabetes is a chronic disease that requires intensive effort by the patient if reasonable management is to be attained. We should not complicate this management unnecessarily by dietary intervention unless clear benefits can be observed. For the type II, noninsulin-requiring diabetic person, dietary recommendations are even less certain. Obese patients should be encouraged to lose weight and to maintain a more ideal body weight, but one should not be disappointed if the patient is unable to accomplish this. Medical indications for weight loss rarely have been sufficient motivation for patients to remain on a semistarvation diet. Should safe, effective anorexigenic drugs become available, they clearly would be the treatment of choice for these patients. The best weight-maintenance diet for type II diabetic persons remains to be determined. A high-CHO, low-fat diet would appear to be best, provided it results in a more normal average level of blood glucose. An increase in dietary soluble fiber also may be useful in reducing the serum cholesterol concentration. In such a diet, those CHO foods that raise the postprandial glucose concentration the least should be emphasized.
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PMID:The high-carbohydrate diet in diabetes management. 283 Jul 68


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