Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The main forms of eating disorders are anorexia and bulimia nervosa and obesity. The clinical features, aetiology, treatment and prognosis of anorexia and bulimia nervosa are described to highlight the similarities and differences between these two conditions. Both conditions affect predominantly the young female population with body image disturbance as one of the core symptoms. Whilst the body weight of anorexics are by definition low, most bulimics have normal or near normal body weight. Sufferers of anorexia nervosa tend to deny their illness while those with bulimia are often miserable and acutely aware of their eating difficulties. The aetiological factors in both conditions overlap to a large extent. The outcome of treatment for bulimia is reportedly better than that of anorexia nervosa. Obese people often become depressed and anxious as a result of low self-esteem causing them to seek psychiatric treatment. The severely obese who are placed on very low calorie diets may develop adverse emotional disturbances whilst weight gain may follow a major depressive illness or develop as a side effect of psychotropic medications. A subgroup of the obese population engage in frequent binge eating and preliminary criteria are being developed for this condition called "binge eating disorder". Behaviour therapy is the treatment of choice for obesity. Other forms of treatment include individual and group psychotherapy, use of appetite suppressants and in the severely obese, surgical methods.
 ...
PMID:Eating disorders. 776 92

This chapter emphasized new directions being pursued in the behavioural treatment of obesity. Behavioural weight-loss programmes are being strengthened by their increased emphasis on low fat intake and exercise, by more direct intervention on behavioural antecedents and consequences of eating, by the use of very low calorie diets (VLCDs) and by the adoption of a chronic disease model and the concomitant lengthening of treatment programmes. With these approaches, initial weight losses of 10-20 kg can be achieved, and maintenance of weight losses of 5-10 kg can be expected. Treatments may also be strengthened by the identification of subgroups of the obese. Recently, progress has been made in this area with the description of a subgroup of the obese who have severe problems with binge eating. Binge eating disorder has been proposed as a new diagnostic category for DSM-IV. From 20 to 45% of the obese who present for treatment suffer from such problems. Obese binge eaters have worse mood and more psychopathology than obese people who do not binge eat, and are more likely to drop out of behavioural weight-control treatments. Although binge eaters may regain weight faster than non-binge eaters, both short- and long-term weight loss of binge eaters and non-binge eaters appear quite similar. Treatments have been identified that show promise in ameliorating binge eating for these patients, but these treatments have not produced weight loss. Although there has recently been concern about the possible negative effects of dieting on mood state, participation in behavioural weight-loss programmes is not associated with worsening mood in obese patients. No psychological variables have distinguished obese from non-obese individuals. Nonetheless, there is substantial prejudice against the obese. Awareness of this prejudice can lead to more sensitive and appropriate treatments for the problem of obesity.
 ...
PMID:Behavioural and psychosocial aspects of obesity and its treatment. 798 Mar 52

With Russell's description of bulimia nervosa in 1979, followed by the DSM-III diagnosis of bulimia, a "new" eating syndrome found its official acceptance in the scientific world. In the two preceding decades clinicians and researchers gradually payed more attention to special forms of overeating. In the 1970s the nosographic conceptualizations of binge eating, bulimia, compulsive eating, or hyperorexia clearly shifted from a symptom level--closely connected to anorexia nervosa and/or obesity--to a syndrome level. Around the same time and independently from one another, clinicians from different countries proposed various descriptive labels for this new diagnostic entity, which, finally, became accepted as bulimia nervosa.
 ...
PMID:Emergence of bulimia nervosa as a separate diagnostic entity: review of the literature from 1960 to 1979. 798 45

The literature is contradictory concerning a possible connection between sexual abuse and the development of eating disorders. In the present study, the medical records and psychotherapeutic courses of all female patients (n = 127) were reviewed for the years 1987-1989 in the Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy at Steglitz Medical Center in Berlin in order to record any reported incidences of pre-onset sexual abuse as well as the age at the time of abuse. The women were subdivided into four diagnostic groups: obesity (n = 14), bulimia (n = 18), anorexia (n = 22) and others without eating disorders (n = 73). Altogether, sexual abuse was reported in 19% with and 10% without eating disorders (difference not statistically significant). Comparison of the individual diagnostic groups unexpectedly revealed a significantly higher frequency of sexual abuse among obese patients than among those without eating disorders (36% vs. 10%, p = 0.028).
 ...
PMID:[The incidence of sexual abuse in women with eating disorders]. 802 80

This review provides a historical background on sleep-related eating disorders, summarizes findings from a series of 38 adults, and presents a current classification. The "night-eating syndrome" was first reported in 1955; only nine reports on this syndrome appeared during the next 36 years, seven being single-case studies and two containing the objective monitoring of sleep, that is, polysomnography. In 1991 our sleep center reported on 19 cases, and in 1993 on 38 cases, diagnosed by polysomnography and clinical evaluations. Mean age was 39 years, mean duration of night-eating was 12 years, 66% were women, 68% had nightly binge eating, and 44% were overweight from night-eating. Sleepwalking was the predominant disorder responsible for night-eating; restless legs syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and various other conditions (including two cases of anorexia nervosa) were also identified. Cognitive-behavioral therapies were ineffective, but pharmacotherapy was very effective in controlling night-eating and inducing loss of excess weight, and often consisted of a dopaminergic agent taken with codeine at bedtime. Thus, sleep-related eating can be an occult but often treatable cause of obesity. Further research, utilizing polysomnography, is encouraged.
 ...
PMID:Review of nocturnal sleep-related eating disorders. 803 49

Sleep-related eating disorders distinct from daytime eating disorders have recently been shown to be associated with sleepwalking (SW), periodic limb movement (PLM) disorder and triazolam abuse in a series of 19 adults. We now report eight other primary or combined etiologies identified by clinical evaluations and polysomnographic monitoring of 19 additional adults (mean age 40 years; 58% female): i) obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), with eating during apnea-induced confusional arousals (n = 3); ii) OSA-PLM disorder (n = 1); iii) familial SW and sleep-related eating (n = 2); iv) SW-PLM disorder (n = 1); v) SW-irregular sleep/wake pattern disorder (n = 1); vi) familial restless legs syndrome and sleep-related eating (n = 2); vii) anorexia nervosa with nocturnal bulimia (n = 2) and viii) amitriptyline treatment of migraines (n = 1). In our cumulative series of 38 patients (excluding six with simple obesity from daytime overeating), 44% were overweight (i.e. > 20% excess weight) from sleep-related eating. Nightly sleep-related binge eating (without hunger or purging) had occurred in 84% of patients. Onset of sleep-related eating was also closely linked with i) acute stress involving reality-based concerns about the safety of family members or about relationship problems (n = 6), ii) abstinence from alcohol and opiate/cocaine abuse (n = 2) and iii) cessation of cigarette smoking (n = 2). Current treatment data indicate a primary role of dopaminergic agents (carbidopa/L-dopa; bromocriptine), often combined with codeine and clonazepam, in controlling most cases involving SW and/or PLM disorder. Fluoxetine was effective in two of three patients. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy controlled sleep-related eating in two OSA patients.
 ...
PMID:Additional categories of sleep-related eating disorders and the current status of treatment. 810 56

Obese female subjects with binge eating disorder BED; (N = 107) completed the Beck Depression Inventory, Symptom Checklist-90, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Subjects were divided into moderate or severe binger on the basis of scores on the Binge Eating Scale, and grouped into moderately or severely obese by performing a median split on their weights. Spearman correlational analyses were performed to determine the relationship between psychopathology and obesity and psychopathology and binge eating. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were then performed using scores on the psychological measures with subjects grouped both by severity of obesity and severity of binge eating. The results indicated that in our sample, obesity and scores on the measures of psychiatric symptomatology were unrelated. However, a significant positive relationship was found between binge eating severity and degree of psychiatric symptomatology. We suggest that binge eating may account for the observed relationship between obesity and psychopathology reported in previous studies. We discuss the importance of assessing BED when conducting research with obese individuals.
 ...
PMID:Obesity, binge eating and psychopathology: are they related? 812 27

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic peptide. Structure-activity studies have revealed that nearly the entire sequence of NPY is required to elicit feeding responses. Therefore, in order to develop antagonistic peptides for NPY-induced feeding, we synthesized full-length analogs of NPY, substituting D-Trp in the C-terminal receptor binding region, and screened their activity in rat hypothalamus. Although [D-Trp36]NPY and [D-Trp34]NPY inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated hypothalamic membrane adenylate cyclase activity, [D-Trp32]NPY exhibited no intrinsic activity. Furthermore, [D-Trp32]NPY inhibited [125I]NPY binding to rat hypothalamic membranes with a potency comparable to that of NPY. The presence of 30 and 300 nM concentrations of [D-Trp32]NPY shifted the inhibitory dose-response curve of NPY on isoproterenol-stimulated hypothalamic membrane adenylate cyclase activity parallel to the right with comparable KB values. Moreover, in vivo experiments in rats revealed that [D-Trp32]NPY (10 micrograms) significantly attenuated the 1-h feeding response induced by NPY (1 microgram). Several other substitutions at position 32 including 2-D-Nal resulted in agonist activity, suggesting that there are strict structural requirements to induce the antagonistic property in NPY. These findings confirm that [D-Trp32]NPY is a competitive antagonist of NPY in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Analogs based on [D-Trp32]NPY may have potential clinical application, since NPY has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of feeding disorders including obesity, anorexia, and bulimia.
 ...
PMID:[D-TRP32]neuropeptide Y: a competitive antagonist of NPY in rat hypothalamus. 814 32

Thirty percent of 51 obese adolescent girls seeking treatment for their obesity engaged in binge eating. Two psychometric measures, "disinhibition" and "happiness and satisfaction" predicted 63% of the variance in severity of binge eating. There was no difference in the history of dieting between obese subjects who binged and those who did not.
 ...
PMID:Binge-eating disorder in obese adolescent girls. 826 10

Obesity is a major public health problem in the United States and is now recognized as a heterogeneous condition. This suggests that treatment effectiveness may be improved with an increased understanding of the multiple factors contributing to obesity. Recent data clearly indicate that one common and serious factor among a subset of the overweight population is binge eating. Dietitians in research settings, clinical settings, or private practice are likely to treat obese patients who are seeking weight-related treatment. This article provides an overview of current knowledge about obese persons who binge eat and recommends that dietitians who treat patients for weight-related conditions take a proactive role by screening them for binge eating problems or, at a minimum, screen those who are suspected of binge eating and then refine treatment approaches accordingly.
 ...
PMID:Binge eating among the overweight population: a serious and prevalent problem. 878 28


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>