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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was conducted to examine the degree to which binge eating and psychological distress among obese adults are associated with a variety of behavioral patterns and competencies that could substantially affect weight control. Subjects were 167 obese people who sought help in a long-term cognitive behavioral treatment program. Subjects were divided into three groups depending on their level of psychological distress and severity of binge eating. Subjects were also assessed on coping style, subjective distress, weight history, and exercising and eating patterns. Results demonstrated substantial differences between those reporting relatively few problems with binge eating or psychological distress as opposed to those with noteworthy problems in both. The presence of either severe binge eating or psychological distress was associated with problems in regulating food-related behavior and, more generally, to problematic coping styles. These findings support the importance of in-depth assessment when treating obesity, more intensive treatment for some subgroupings, and long-term studies that incorporate comprehensive pretreatment process measure of eating style and psychological distress.
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PMID:Distressed binge eaters as a distinct subgroup among obese individuals. 180 68

Behavioral self-management training is the state of the art in the treatment of obesity. However, most of those treated experience only temporary success in keeping weight off. In some individuals, relapse appears to be related to the development of binge eating, which is characterized by perceived lack of eating control and symptoms of food dependence. Treatment for such patients should be based on the assumptions that self-management is very difficult and that emphasis should be on cognitive-behavioral methods with a reliance on social support for control of behavior. For some patients, continued use of the self-management model may result in harmful weight cycling.
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PMID:Why treatments for obesity don't last. 173 97

Feeding in mammals is a periodic behavior; however, knowledge of how the brain signals an intermittent eating pattern is scanty. Recent indirect evidence indicates that one of the signals encoded in the structure of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is to stimulate robust feeding. Therefore, two series of experiments were undertaken to characterize NPY secretion within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in association with eating behavior in the rat. Dynamic changes in NPY concentration in several hypothalamic sites and release in the PVN were assessed before and during the course of food consumption in rats trained to eat daily only for 4 h. Only in the PVN were NPY concentrations elevated before the introduction of food and, thereafter, levels decreased significantly during the course of eating. A similar temporal pattern in NPY release into the PVN interstitium was evident in samples collected by push-pull cannula perfusion in unrestrained rats. In addition, in food-deprived rats displaying a robust drive for feeding, NPY release in the PVN was also markedly enhanced in the shape of high-amplitude secretory episodes as compared to a lower release rate in rats receiving food ad libitum. The higher rate of NPY release in fasted rats returned to the control range after 24 h of ad libitum food supply. These findings of intense and dynamic NPY neurosecretory activity within a discrete hypothalamic site in association with an increased drive for food consumption demonstrate that NPY release in the PVN is an important orexigenic signal for periodic eating behavior. These results have important global implications for elucidating the underlying causes of the pathophysiology of eating disorders--anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and obesity--as well as constituting a specific contextual model for the formulation and testing of suitable NPY receptor agonists and antagonists for therapeutic intervention.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y secretion increases in the paraventricular nucleus in association with increased appetite for food. 196 64

In summary, fluoxetine is a highly selective serotonin uptake inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. The conformation of fluoxetine, which resembles that of sertraline and other serotonin uptake inhibitors, appears to be a key feature that enables its high affinity and selective interaction with the serotonin transporter. The para-trifluoromethyl substituent, however, is also a pivotal structural element. The molecular pharmacology of fluoxetine has been well-defined, and its in vivo pharmacological effects appear to be mediated almost exclusively by serotonin uptake inhibition. Its selectivity for the serotonin transporter, lack of affinity for neurotransmitter receptors, and retention of selectivity following metabolism to norfluoxetine make fluoxetine a useful tool to explore pharmacologically induced increases in serotonin neurotransmission. Fluoxetine has found a variety of therapeutic application. Its use in treating depression has been most extensively studied, but controlled clinical studies also suggest the drug may have a role in treating obesity and bulimia. Moreover, a variety of other psychiatric disorders may be treatable with this drug. Regardless of the outcome of these clinical trials, it is apparent that fluoxetine has found a useful niche in therapy, and can be used as a probe to determine the role of serotonin in modulating human pathophysiologies.
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PMID:Fluoxetine, a selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake. 199 52

Reports of major dissatisfaction among adolescent girls over body shape and their associated eating behaviour, prompted determining anthropometric and questionnaire studies on series of rural and urban black, Indian, and white girls aged 14-19 years. Variables were concern over weight, desired weight loss, also practices regarding binge eating, fasting, vomiting and laxative use. Black girls have low weight-for-age, yet experience more obesity than white girls; yet weight reduction, although desired, is seldom seriously attempted. Indian girls have low weight-for-age, principally for genetic, not social class, reasons; they also, even some underweight, desired weight reduction. White girls are also dissatisfied, although less acutely than girls in the US. The current attitudes of South African adolescent girls, apart from extremes, are unlikely to seriously prejudice their health.
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PMID:Body image and eating behaviour in interethnic adolescent girls. 200

Serotonin uptake carriers occur on serotonin neurons, on glial cells and on blood platelets. The uptake carrier on serotonin neurons inactivates serotonin that has been released into the synaptic cleft by transporting it back into the nerve terminal. The serotonin uptake carrier is the means by which blood platelets acquire serotonin, since they do not synthesize it. The function of the serotonin uptake carrier on glial cells is poorly understood. Selective inhibitors of serotonin uptake enhance neurotransmission via serotonergic neurons and have been useful pharmacologic tools for studying physiologic roles of serotonin neurons. Some serotonin uptake inhibitors are finding therapeutic uses in mental depression and other psychiatric disorders and in treating obesity and bulimia; other therapeutic applications continue to be evaluated.
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PMID:Serotonin uptake and serotonin uptake inhibition. 225 38

Eating disorders among adolescents in the United States constitute the most frequent nutritional problems in this age group, and their prevalence appears to be increasing. A causal relationship of television viewing to obesity is strongly suggested for children and adolescents. Perhaps as much as 25% of the recent increase in obesity among adolescents may be attributable to increases in television viewing. Associations between television viewing and anorexia and bulimia are less explicit than they are for obesity. Nonetheless, because children and adolescents spend more time viewing television than they do in any activity other than sleep, the world shown on television may acquire a greater reality than the world that is experienced. The low frequency of obesity among televised characters, combined with the frequent food-related references that are contained in both commercials and programming, may promote unrealistic conclusions regarding eating and body weight. Television reflects a cultural contradiction by promoting food consumption and leanness. In this context, bulimia may be viewed as an adaptive response, because only bulimics can eat everything they wish and remain thin.
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PMID:You are what you eat--what you eat is what you are. 230 99

This study provides a test for the assumption of psychological homogeneity among 60 individuals who sought treatment for obesity and were referred for cognitive-behavioral group treatment. Subjects were divided along the dimension of severity of psychopathology and were assessed on subjective distress, binge eating, coping ability, and a variety of historical and demographic dimensions. Twenty-three percent of the sample scored in a range indicative of significant personality disturbance on the Borderline Syndrome Index. This distressed group did not differ from the less distressed cohort in weight, but reported more extensive symptoms of psychopathology, more chaotic eating patterns, more binge eating, and evidenced less effective coping skills. These findings provide support for the importance of a thorough assessment prior to initiating treatment for obesity.
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PMID:Heterogeneity of clinical presentation among obese individuals seeking treatment. 237 89

The present study investigated the incidence of eating disorders in two samples representing populations seldom reported upon in the eating disorder literature: Pueblo Indians and Hispanics. Subjects were 95 students from a rural, public high school serving primarily low income families. Although no ethnic differences were found, the majority of girls in both samples reported wanting to lose weight, being worried about their weight, and indulging in binge eating. Nine of the girls (11 per cent) reported eating habits consistent with the DMS III (APA, 1980) criteria for bulimia. In contrast, few boys indicated concerns about their weight or eating habits. The results suggest that eating disorders and concern about obesity are found in a variety of ethnic groups in the United States today.
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PMID:Disordered eating in South-western Pueblo Indians and Hispanics. 259 39

In recent years there has been increasing concern and involvement of Israeli adolescents with dieting. An increase in the incidence of obesity has been emphasized by the mass media. This has been marked by an increase in the number of questions on dieting sent anonymously by 12 to 14 year-olds to a column in a popular youth magazine about adolescent sexuality. These letters include requests for diets to prevent obesity in general and fatness of certain parts of the body in particular, such as the thighs or buttocks; questions as to side-effects of diets already started, particularly amenorrhea; and questions about the onset of bulimia and anorexia nervosa, expressing fear of the consequences. This study gives examples of the questions and the answers, and indicates the professions of those to whom the applicants were referred for further diagnosis and treatment. Newer techniques of health education with regard to adolescent dieting are urgently needed so that the health staff can promote insight and indicate the need for treatment at as early a stage as possible. The use of mass media in a suitable manner is critical, given the increase in diet-advertising.
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PMID:[Questions by adolescents about dieting]. 262 Aug 91


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