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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Increasing empirical evidence supports the validity of binge-eating disorder (BED) and its inclusion as a formal diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Contention exists regarding the criteria for BED, including whether, like bulimia nervosa (BN), it should be characterized by overvaluation of shape/weight. This study examined the significance of overvaluation for BED using two complementary comparisons groups. Participants were 324 women who completed self-report instruments as part of an Internet study. Analyses compared BMI, eating disorder (ED) features, and depressive levels in four groups: 123 overweight participants without ED, 47 BED participants who do not overvalue shape/weight, 101 BED participants who overvalue shape/weight, and 53 BN participants. Both BED groups had significantly greater ED psychopathology than the overweight group. Within BED, the group with overvaluation had significantly greater ED psychopathology and depressive levels despite no differences in binge eating. BED with overvaluation and BN groups differed little from each other but had significantly higher ED psychopathology and depressive levels than the other groups. Group differences existed despite similar age and BMI across the groups, as well as when controlling for group differences in depressive levels. These findings provide further support for the validity of BED and suggest that overvaluation of shape/weight, which provides important information about BED severity, warrants consideration as either a diagnostic specifier or as a dimensional severity rating. Although inclusion of overvaluation of shape/weight could be considered as a required criterion for BED, this would exclude a substantial proportion of BED patients with clinically significant problems.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 Mar
PMID:Significance of overvaluation of shape/weight in binge-eating disorder: comparative study with overweight and bulimia nervosa. 1971 49

Several studies have shown that physical and/or sexual abuse during childhood may lead to the development of obesity later in life. Despite these consistent findings, the mechanism for the increased risk of obesity following developmental trauma is unknown. It has been suggested that psychological dysfunction, including the presence of disordered eating behavior, may account for the added risk of adult obesity. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the prevalence and severity of different types of early traumatic life events, assessed the presence of co-existing psychiatric disorders and measured adult attachment style in a sample of 200 subjects including non-obese healthy volunteers and obese participants undergoing a psychiatric assessment to determine suitability for bariatric surgery. Participants who scored higher on a scale measuring the severity of traumatic events experienced during the first 15years of their lives were more likely to be obese at the time of testing. The exclusion of the participants who experienced physical and/or sexual abuse did not change the results of statistical analysis. Severity of early trauma remained a significant predictor of adult obesity when the influence of psychiatric diagnosis and anxious attachment was taken into account. These findings suggest that: (1) not only sexual or physical abuse but also less severe forms of early-life stress are linked to the development of obesity later in life; and (2) psychological dysfunction is not the only mechanism mediating the elevated risk of obesity in persons exposed to early-life trauma.
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PMID:Early trauma and adult obesity: is psychological dysfunction the mediating mechanism? 1973 90

Although several published reviews have summarized the results of behavioral weight management interventions for persons with severe mental illness, little attention has been paid to the interventions themselves, despite the breadth of intervention strategies that have been examined in published trials. This study identified and systematically described 16 behavioral weight management interventions for community-dwelling persons with severe mental illness. Intervention content and delivery features that were considered included (a) approach to weight management; (b) theoretical constructs targeted to achieve behavior change; (c) diet, exercise, and/or self-regulation skills; (d) instructional strategies; and (e) intervention format including duration, intensity, and setting. Findings revealed modest, but sustained, weight loss. Individual and societal resources to address obesity among persons living with severe mental illness are limited. Further research is needed to identify the most effective and the most parsimonious interventions.
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PMID:Managing weight in persons living with severe mental illness in community settings: a review of strategies used in community interventions. 1987 94

It is now generally accepted that complex mental disorders are the results of interplay between genetic and environmental factors. This holds out the prospect that by studying G x E interplay we can explain individual variation in vulnerability and resilience to environmental hazards in the development of mental disorders. Furthermore studying G x E findings may give insights in neurobiological mechanisms of psychiatric disorder and so improve individualized treatment and potentially prevention. In this paper, we provide an overview of the state of field with regard to G x E in mental disorders. Strategies for G x E research are introduced. G x E findings from selected mental disorders with onset in childhood or adolescence are reviewed [such as depressive disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, schizophrenia and substance use disorders]. Early seminal studies provided evidence for G x E in the pathogenesis of depression implicating 5-HTTLPR, and conduct problems implicating MAOA. Since then G x E effects have been seen across a wide range of mental disorders (e.g., ADHD, anxiety, schizophrenia, substance abuse disorder) implicating a wide range of measured genes and measured environments (e.g., pre-, peri- and postnatal influences of both a physical and a social nature). To date few of these G x E effects have been sufficiently replicated. Indeed meta-analyses have raised doubts about the robustness of even the most well studied findings. In future we need larger, sufficiently powered studies that include a detailed and sophisticated characterization of both phenotype and the environmental risk.
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PMID:From nature versus nurture, via nature and nurture, to gene x environment interaction in mental disorders. 2002 96

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is approximately 32% among children and adolescents in the United States. Comorbid conditions associated with pediatric overweight and obesity include psychiatric conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents presenting for consultation from rural communities to the UC Davis Telemedicine Program (UCDTP), as well as to collect preliminary data to design an integrated disease management program for children and adolescents with obesity and mental illness. Patients aged 21 and under seen for psychiatric consultation at the UCDTP between 2004 and 2006 were included. Retrospective medical record review was conducted to determine the major psychiatric diagnoses, height, weight, body-mass index, and weight status (underweight/at risk for underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese) for each patient. Of the 230 patients referred, a total of 121 patients had both height and weight values documented. Three patients were underweight; 51 were normal weight; 28 were overweight; 39 were obese. The most common psychiatric diagnoses in the 121 patients were attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 40), bipolar disorder (n = 36), and depression (n = 31). The most common psychiatric diagnoses in patients with available weight and height data who were overweight and obese were bipolar disorder (n = 20), depression (n = 18), and ADHD (n = 17). Approximately 55% of child and adolescent patients seen for telepsychiatry consultation whose charts documented height and weight measurements were overweight or obese. Psychiatric diagnoses in overweight youngsters need to be researched further to determine whether the weight change is primary or secondary to mood and/or to treatments, such as medication. At such a high rate of comorbidity, monitoring the weight status of young psychiatric patients in this population is indicated.
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PMID:Weight status of children and adolescents in a telepsychiatry clinic. 2002 89

Obesity is a common health problem in children and adolescents and has life-threatening physical complications as well as psychological consequences, including negative self-image, low self-esteem and social difficulties. Psychiatric disorders, especially depression and anxiety disorders, are present at higher rates in obese patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and type of psychopathology in a group of obese children and to determine the effect of comorbid psychiatric disorders on treatment compliance. Fifty-four obese patients were evaluated by clinical interviews as well as Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Present and Lifetime Version (KIDI-SADS-PL) for psychiatric diagnosis. Fifty percent of the sample was found to have psychopathology and treatment compliance was found to be poor in the group with comorbid psychiatric disorders. This shows that child and adolescent psychiatrists should be included as team members while treating pediatric obese patients.
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PMID:Psychopathology and its effect on treatment compliance in pediatric obesity patients. 2011 2

For more than half a century, since the beginning of formal diagnostics, our psychiatric nosology has compartmentalized the compulsive pursuit of substance (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, heroin, nicotine) from nonsubstance (e.g., gambling, food, sex) rewards. Emerging brain, behavioral, and genetic findings challenge this diagnostic boundary, pointing to shared vulnerabilities underlying the pathological pursuit of substance and nonsubstance rewards. Working groups for the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V), are thus considering whether the nosologic boundaries of addiction should be redrawn to include nonsubstance disorders, such as gambling. This review discusses how neurobiological data from problem gambling, obesity, and "normal" states of attachment (romantic infatuation, sexual attraction, maternal bonds) may help us in the task of carving addictions "at a new joint." Diagnostic recarving may have a positive effect on addiction research, stimulating discovery of "crossover" pharmacotherapies with benefit for both substance and nonsubstance addictions.
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PMID:Shared brain vulnerabilities open the way for nonsubstance addictions: carving addiction at a new joint? 2020 59

Persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) are not only at risk because of disabling disease symptoms but because necessary medications create health risks associated with high rates of obesity. Despite the well-known benefits of exercise, persons with SSDs rarely adhere to such regimens; few interventions to motivate exercise behavior have been tested in this group.The purpose of this study is to examine effects of the Walk, Address sensations, Learn about exercise, Cue exercise behavior for persons with SSDs (WALC-S) motivational intervention upon exercise behavior. We will recruit a total of eighty outpatients 18-68 years, meeting these criteria: 1) chart diagnosis of schizophrenia, any subtype, schizoaffective disorder or schizophreniform disorder, according to the criteria described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 2) English speaking, 3) Stable medication regimen (defined as no medication changes within the last month), and 4) medical clearance for moderate exercise in writing from primary care provider. Participants will be randomly assigned to the experimental (4-week WALC-S motivational intervention), or the control group (4-week time and attention control). After the first 4 weeks, all participants will attend a 16-week walking group.The primary measures of the effectiveness of the WALC-S are attendance, persistence and compliance to the 16-week walking group. The study will be completed in approximately January 2010. In addition to hypothesis testing, this study will provide information to estimate effect sizes to calculate power and determine appropriate sample sizes for future inquiries. This paper describes the rationale and design of the study.
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PMID:Motivating Persons with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders to Exercise: Rationale and Design. 2020 48

Depression is a debilitating mental disorder that frequently occurs in older adults, especially in those with vascular diseases. Nutritional factors have the potential to decrease the occurrence of late-life depression but have not been adequately studied. Low folate levels, disturbed omega-3 fatty acid metabolism and obesity have been associated with depression, and may be causal factors. Longitudinal studies are urgently needed in order to examine the potential of dietary factors to prevent late-life depression.
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PMID:Nutrition and late-life depression: etiological considerations. 2030 97

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects approximately 2% of the general population. Numerous studies have evaluated the increased prevalence of comorbid diseases and risk factors in psoriatic patients, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, psoriatic arthritis, autoimmune disease, psychiatric illness, liver disease, smoking, malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnea, and alcohol abuse. Insight into the overlapping pathogenesis of these comorbidities of psoriasis highlights the importance of immune-mediated mechanisms in these disease states. Psoriasis, with its comorbidities, must be approached in a multidisciplinary manner to effectively and comprehensively understand, manage, and treat those with this complex disorder.
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PMID:Comorbidities in psoriasis patients. 2043 Mar 2


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