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 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review assesses the current status of knowledge concerning the relationship of risk factors to atherosclerotic lesions. Risk factors for atherosclerotic lesions per se need not necessarily be identical to those related to clinically overt coronary heart disease (CHD). This review is based on 1) autopsy studies where information risk factors was gathered in a retrospective fashion; and 2) autopsy studies where information on risk factors was gathered prospectively. In spite of differences in study designs and grading methods among the studies, the general findings were similar. Elevated serum cholesterol and blood pressure are positively and significantly related to atherosclerotic lesions. High density lipoprotein cholesterol is inversely related to coronary and probably also to cerebral atherosclerosis. Almost all studies indicate a significant association between cigarette smoking and degree of aortic atherosclerosis; a positive relationship between smoking and coronary atherosclerosis is found between obesity or physical activity and the degree of atherosclerosis. Data from the Community Pathology Study in New Orleans indicate that the average extent of coronary atherosclerosis in a population may be subject to changes within a relatively short period of time; these changes might be expected to parallel changes in risk factors in the population.
Arteriosclerosis
PMID:Risk factors and atherosclerotic lesions. A review of autopsy studies. 634 87

This study attempts to evaluate whether the putative excess risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) can be explained by the clustering of other major cardiovascular risk factors after controlling for obesity. The study population was 1376 male and female employees of a Naples telephone company who had participated in a health survey in which an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was given. After excluding treated hypertensives, we recruited all 65 individuals with IGT and 125 euglycemic controls matched for gender, age, and weight. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in individuals with IGT (134 +/- 16 vs 127 +/- 15 mm Hg, p less than 0.001; 87 +/- 10 vs 84 +/- 8 mm Hg, p less than 0.05 (M +/- SD). Blood lipids were similar in the two groups (total cholesterol was 214 +/- 34 vs 218 +/- 40 mg/dl; HDL cholesterol was 39 +/- 9 vs 40 +/- 10 mg/dl; total triglyceride was 145 +/- 58 vs 135 +/- 63 mg/dl). Serum insulin values (fasting or at 1 or 2 hours after 75 g of oral glucose) were also similar. The number of persons currently smoking was significantly lower among individuals with IGT (30% vs 47%, p less than 0.025) but the percentage of exsmokers was identical in the two groups. We conclude that, among the possible cardiovascular risk factors investigated, blood pressure is the only one significantly associated with IGT independent of matched variables and antihypertensive treatment.
Arteriosclerosis
PMID:Impaired glucose tolerance and risk factors for atherosclerosis. 639 44

Optimum nutrition is the level of intake that should promote the highest level of health. Although excess caloric intake will lead to obesity, a deficit in nutrition may result in a tissue depletion of essential nutrients that can lead to biochemical changes and eventually to clinical signs and symptoms. Nutrition requirements may differ according to sex, age, activity, or physiological state and can be influenced by drugs, smoking, alcohol, and other factors. With ever-increasing sedentary life styles and less physically demanding jobs, the resulting reduced caloric requirements have made it more difficult to make nutritionally sound food choices. Nutrition is the single most important component of preventive health care. Diet has been associated with cancer, heart disease, diabetes, stroke and hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and cirrhosis of the liver. The ability of the human to respond to stresses, such as altitude, heat, trauma, surgery, and infection can be influenced by nutritional status. Nutritional status is reflected in a variety of metabolic processes that provide the basis for a number of methods for its assessment.
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PMID:Implications of nutritional status on human biochemistry, physiology, and health. 642 73

Lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were compared in diabetic and nondiabetic Pima Indians, a homogeneous population with a high occurrence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Data were available on 690 subjects with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Total and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides were approximately 150% of the nondiabetic values, but very few diabetics had pronounced hypertriglyceridemia. Significant elevations in low density lipoprotein (LDL) triglyceride were also observed in diabetic men and women of all ages. Decreases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were similar in diabetic men and women, and the differences in HDL cholesterol were much greater in less obese individuals. Changes in HDL in the diabetics were reflected in all three subfractions, HDL2b, HDL2a, and HDL3. Both total and LDL cholesterol were elevated in diabetic women, but not in diabetic men. Thus, there were greater changes in lipoprotein distribution in diabetic women. When multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the relationships in diabetics between lipoproteins and other variables, plasma glucose appeared to be the variable most closely associated with plasma lipoproteins in diabetics (positive with VLDL and LDL, negative with HDL). In diabetics, obesity was correlated with HDL but not VLDL, whereas alcohol consumption appeared to be associated with VLDL but not HDL.
Arteriosclerosis
PMID:Plasma and lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride in the Pima Indian population. Comparison of diabetics and nondiabetics. 647 97

To determine the influence of weight reduction on plasma lipoproteins, studies were carried out in 15 nondiabetic patients of varying degrees of obesity and four obese insulin-dependent diabetics. All studies were carried out on a metabolic ward and patients underwent three dietary periods: Period I, 4 to 5 weeks of weight maintenance in the obese state; Period II, caloric restriction to 1000 kcal/day to a weight loss of within 10% of ideal body weight; and Period III, again weight maintenance for 4 to 5 weeks near ideal body weight. Similar results were obtained for both nondiabetics and diabetics. Many patients had mildly elevated plasma triglycerides in Period I; they fell to the normal range in Period II and remained low in Period III. Total cholesterol levels decreased early in Period II, but levels began to rise near the end of caloric restriction, and in Period III, they were similar to Period I. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels followed a pattern similar to that of total cholesterol. High density lipoprotein cholesterol was relatively low in Period I (38 +/- 2 mg/dl +/- SEM); throughout weight loss, levels tended to rise, and in Period III, the average high density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly higher (46 +/- 2 mg/dl).
Arteriosclerosis
PMID:Influence of weight reduction on plasma lipoproteins in obese patients. 657 61

Children initially aged 21/2 to 14 years living in Bogalusa, Louisiana (n = 2530) were examined twice, 3 years apart, for fasting serum pre-beta- and beta-lipoprotein cholesterol (beta-LPC) levels. Based on averages of these levels, the children were ranked for pre-beta- and beta-LPC in combinations of extreme quintiles (low-low, high-high) or quartiles (low-high, high-low), n = 388, and were reexamined for serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose tolerance, and anthropometry. Skinfolds were thicker in whites than in blacks except for subscapular skinfold. Children in the high-high stratum were heavier and more obese. The postglucose insulin level was positively correlated with fasting serum triglycerides and pre-beta-LPC. Compared with other strata, high-high strata showed more clustering among half-hour and 1-hour plasma insulin, serum triglycerides and pre-beta-LPC, and trunk skinfolds. We conclude that racial differences in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism occur in all four strata, and that a strong clustering occurs more in the high-high stratum, which may, in part, explain the coincidence of several high cardiovascular risk factor levels observed in the same children. These observations document in free-living children changes of obesity, plasma glucose, and insulin metabolism related to serum lipoproteins that are involved in the early natural history of atherosclerosis.
Arteriosclerosis
PMID:Clustering of anthropometric parameters, glucose tolerance, and serum lipids in children with high and low beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins. Bogalusa Heart Study. 705 36

A 54 year old man without pathologic past history but mild hypertension, obesity and gastric ulcer, presented with a syndrome of Wallenberg. He had complained for five days of progressive and diffuse headache. The neurological condition improved initially, but the patient died suddenly two weeks later. Pathological examination showed no significant alteration except for left ventricular enlargement and mild arteriosclerosis. There was a hemodissection (dissecting aneurysm) of the left vertebral artery next to the inferior oliva. It induced a lateral infarct and a limited dorsal infarct at the middle third level of medulla oblongata. Although the location of the arterial changes is usual, their nature is exceptional. The cause of the arterial hemodissection could not be ascertained: fibrous arterial dysplasia, atherosclerosis or congenital abnormalities of internal elastic layer may be discussed. But no definite conclusion can be reached.
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PMID:[Wallenberg's syndrome due to a dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery]. 713 26

Disturbances of the renal function, urolithiasis and hypertension are observed in a high percentage already in the asymptomatic stage of the primary hyperuricaemia. They determine above all the fate of the patient with gout. In primary uric arthritis over-accidentally frequently obesity, steatosis hepatis, hyperlipoproteinaemias, manifest diabetes mellitus and premature arteriosclerosis are found, without up to now proving a causal connection. Also these diseases often coin the clinical picture and demand particular attention in the diagnostics of patients with gout.
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PMID:[Extraarticular diseases and findings in gout]. 713 80

Serum cholesterol is preferably transported by low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Accordingly, it is generally referred to as LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, respectively. In recent years, the vasoprotective role of HDL and the negative correlation between HDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular diseases have been discussed by a large number of authors. This paper discusses the metabolic, pathophysiological, and clinical importance of HDL and HDL-cholesterol from a gerontological point of view. Incorporation of cholesterol into HDL enables cholesterol to be eliminated from the vessels and catabolized in the liver through various mechanism (LCAT substrate, cholesterol esterification and transport, and competitive LDL inhibition). Results of epidemiological, clinical, angiographic, and experimental studies showed that there is a reduction in the concentration of HDL-cholesterol in the case of coronary and peripheral arteriosclerotic diseases. Determination of HDL-cholesterol (in connection with a calculation of LDL-cholesterol) allows the risk of arteriosclerosis to be diagnosed and prognosed, respectively. "Normal" values of HDL-cholesterol are between 35 and 55 mg/dl (0.9-1.4 mmol/l for males and between 45 and 65 mg/dl (1.2-1.7 mmol/l) for females. In women, there is noted a decrease with increasing age. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipoproteinemia, high-fat and high-carbohydrate nutrition, and ovulation inhibitors tend to decrease the level of HDL-cholesterol. Physical conditioning, change in diet, reduction of weight, and certain drugs having an effect upon the lipid metabolism tend to raise the HDL-cholesterol level. Knowledge of problems associated with what is here referred to as HDL-cholesterol is of great clinical importance to gerontologists as regards the prevention and therapy of arterio-sclerotic and, more specifically, coronary diseases.
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PMID:[HDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular diseases--gerontological aspects]. 715 47

A manual dexterity test was performed in a population of elderly women. Obese subjects with hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) had a poorer performance than subjects with either HFI alone or obesity alone. The combined effects of cerebral arteriosclerosis and HFI is suggested as a possible explanation for these findings.
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PMID:Manual dexterity test in relation to obesity and hyperostosis frontalis interna in elderly women. 735 6


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