Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alcohol may provoke reactive hypoglycaemia when drunk with a sucrose mixer (gin and tonic) but not in the form of a starch-based beverage. In the present study alcohol-potentiated reactive hypoglycaemia was shown to depend on the nature of the carbohydrate ingested together with the alcohol. When 14 men (9 normal weight and 5 obese) aged between 20 and 50 years consumed a 50 g glucose load together with 50 g ethanol over an hour, their early plasma insulin response was significantly higher and their later fall in plasma glucose significantly lower than after drinking the same amount of a starch solution (maize meal) and alcohol. In four subjects (3 of them non-obese) plasma glucose concentrations dropped below 2.8 mmol/l after drinking the glucose-alcohol solution. Obesity seemed to be associated with features of peripheral insulin resistance. We conclude that the common social custom of drinking alcohol together with a simple sugar mixer should probably be modified.
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PMID:Alcohol-potentiated reactive hypoglycaemia depends on the nature of the carbohydrate ingested at the same time. 638 88

Nutrient intake and serum total cholesterol (C T), serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HLD), triglycerides (TG) and fatty acids were evaluated from 692 3-year, 8-year and 12-year-old children in different areas in Finland. Serum/plasma TC concentrations varied from 4.8 to 5.0 mmol/l, HDL from 1.3 to 1.5 mmol/l and TG from 0.70 to 0.87 mmol/l. 12-year-old boys consumed significantly more energy than girls at the same age. In the 8-year-old boys the quality of fat used on the bread and quality of milk drunk influenced on the serum fatty acid composition, the proportion of linoleic acid being greater in those children who used margarine and/or low fat milk. The 3-year-old children at the highest quartiles of TC concentration used less wheat products and their intake of riboflavin was less than children in the lowest quartile. HDL concentration was associated with the intake of thiamine. The 12-year-old children having their TC concentrations in the highest quartile used more saturated fats and got more saturated fatty acids than children in the lowest quartile. The higher the sugar consumption and sucrose intake were, the lower was the HDL concentration. The prevalence of obesity increased with the age, being 0.5%, 5.0% and 8.5% in the 3-year, 8-year and 12-year-old children respectively. Urban children were more commonly obese than rural children, the prevalence being 8.0% versus 2.2% (p less than 0.01).
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PMID:Nutrient intake and blood lipids in children. 714 46

After excluding 2,908 subjects (25% of the cohort) whose diets had changed, possibly as a consequence of disease discovery, in 8,679 individuals from the NHANES II national probability study, our specific aim was to determine which nutritional factors were significant independent contributors to overnight hospitalization with coronary heart and vascular disease (CHD). Covariance adjustments were made for multiple sociodemographic, educational, geographic factors, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), race, age, sex, and relative ponderosity (obesity). After these adjustments, linoleic acid (p = 0.049) and alcohol (p = 0.017) were independently inversely associated with CHD hospitalizations; cigarette smoking (p = 0.054) was positively associated. Relative risk for CHD hospitalization was 1.0 for linoleate 0-6 g/day, 0.72 for 6-11.59 g/day, and 0.49 for > or = 11.6 g/day, p < or = 0.01. Relative risk for CHD hospitalization was 1.0 for no coffee intake, 0.6 for regular coffee, 1.8 for regular coffee plus decaffeinated coffee, 2.6 for decaffeinated coffee, and 5.2 when decaffeinated coffee was drunk by virtue of physicians' advice, p < or = 0.001. Unlike our extensive exclusions (25% of the cohort) for diet change, we did not exclude any subjects on the basis of self-directed or physician-recommended changes in smoking habits of initiation of decaffeinated coffee use, following, or as a consequence of disease discovery. We speculate that the relationship of decaffeinated coffee to CHD reflects behavior change after CHD hospitalization. Dietary cholesterol (p = 0.038) was an independent positive predictor of serum total cholesterol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Relationship of dietary intake to hospital admission for coronary heart and vascular disease: the NHANES II national probability study. 829 23

To date only a small number of studies have investigated the pattern of associations within a set of hypertension risks. The objective of this study was therefore to examine the interrelation of main hypertension risks in an African population by using factor analysis in order to detect underlying risk patterns. Subjects aged 16-70 years (N=963) were recruited from 37 randomly selected sites throughout the North West Province during 1996-1998. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, lactation, casual visitors, drunkenness and treatment for chronic diseases, such as hypertension. Subjects with blood pressures exceeding 140/90 mmHg were classified as hypertensive. Children aged 10-15 years were also recruited from 30 randomly selected schools during 2000-2001 (N=694). Children were classified as hypertensive when an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to the 90th percentile for age and sex was encountered, while correcting for height. The following hypertension risks were measured: urbanisation, obesity, plasma fibrinogen, lipids, insulin, serum gamma glutamyl-transferase, dietary intake, smoking and alcohol consumption. From 23 risks the factor analysis disclosed five factors that explained 56.2% of the variance in the male and 43.5% of the variance in the female group: an urban malnutritional phenomenon, the metabolic syndrome X, a hypercholesterolaemic and obesity complex, an alcoholic hypertriglyceridaemia, and central and peripheral cardiovascular hypertensive effects. In conclusion, South Africans migrating from rural to urban areas adapt to a new lifestyle with numerous risks, resulting in conditions like malnutrition, the metabolic syndrome X, dyslipidaemia, alcoholism, obesity and increased peripheral vascular resistance. For successful prevention of hypertension in a population in transition, a whole risk pattern should be corrected, rather than an individual risk by implementing lifestyle modification programmes.
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PMID:Factor analysis of possible risks for hypertension in a black South African population. 1275 7

Meetings with a group of 150 teenagers from high school, aged 15-18, were held in the Literary Cafe in Bytom. The problems that were discussed included threats of contemporary world such as: alcoholism, smoking, excessive participation in watching TV, video and Internet. During the meeting drawings, graphics arts and poetry enabled informal entering into conversation with young people and encouraged them to express their opinions. At the next meeting, which took place in High School, a survey was carried out in a group of 33 teenagers. The results of the survey showed that young people assign 6 hours 30 min. on average for rest at night, 3 hours 20 min. on average for watching TV, 2 hours 45 min. for computer, 2 hours 30 min for Internet, 1 hour 30 min for video. 12 out of 27 teenagers are mentally and physically tired after school, 15 teenagers have a rest after school, 18 teenagers fell ill during the school year and answered that they are nervous. 6 answered that they are sometimes nervous. 17 young people like alcohol and tried have it and 6 were drunk up. 14 teenagers like commercials on TV and 19 do not like them 27 children do not belong to any organisations. 12 teenagers have smoked cigarettes and 9 rarely have smoked cigarettes. 1 teenager has taken drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education describes the possible negative health effects of television viewing on children and adolescents, such as violent or aggressive behavior, substance use, sexual activity, obesity, poor body image, and decreased school performance. In addition to the television ratings system and the v-chip (electronic device to block programming), media education is an effective approach to mitigate these potential problems. The European Society of Social Paediatrics (ESSOP) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) offers a list of recommendations on this issue for pediatricians and for parents, the federal government, and entertainment industry.
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PMID:[Fatigue and audio-visual tiredness and duties of youth from high school]. 1500 11

Because death from suffocation in traffic fatalities has not been well described, we delineated the clinical, circumstantial, and autopsy findings associated with suffocation in a series of motor vehicle crashes. Medical examiner case files from a 5-year period were reviewed. Scene investigation, autopsy, toxicology, and first-responder reports were examined. Crash descriptions were reviewed, including vehicle type, mechanism of crash, response time, restraint use, occupant ejection, and victim position in cabins of vehicles. Mechanisms of suffocation, including torso compression, inversion, neck flexion, facial occlusion, and blood aspiration, were determined for each case. The files were searched for factors relevant to the diagnosis of suffocation, namely, cerebral concussion, alcohol intoxication, obesity, petechiae, lung weights as a proxy for livor, natural disease, and impact wounds. Twenty-nine traffic fatality cases were identified in which suffocation caused death. In 26, suffocation mechanisms were solely responsible for death. In 3, death was caused by suffocation in combination with other mechanisms. Twenty-five subjects were occupants of vehicles with cabins and 4 were motorcycle riders. The most common mechanism of suffocation was torso compression. Most subjects had either multiple mechanisms of suffocation or a single mechanism acting in concert with concussion or alcohol intoxication. Concussion and intoxication were common, with one or both present in 20 subjects, including all of those with blood aspiration. Petechiae were frequent but were found consistently only among those with inversion. Cutaneous chest petechiae were associated with inversion and torso compression. Lung weights were highest among those with blood aspiration and lowest among those with inversion. Body mass index was highest among those with inversion, suggesting that obesity could be a risk factor for this mechanism.
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PMID:Suffocation in motor vehicle crashes. 1516 58

Motor vehicle related trauma is one of the leading causes of traumatic death. Although most of these deaths are because of severe blunt force trauma, there are people without severe injury who die of asphyxia related to the motor vehicle collision. There were 37 deaths because of motor vehicle related asphyxia in San Diego County during 1995-2004. Almost half (48.6%) of these deaths were because of compression asphyxia, 29.7% were positional asphyxia deaths, and 16.2% died of a combination of compression and positional asphyxia. We were unable to classify the mechanism of asphyxia for the remaining 5.4% of asphyxia deaths. Almost all occupants dying from asphyxia were involved in rollover crashes and may have been incapacitated by obesity, drug or alcohol intoxication, or blunt force trauma. Compression asphyxia deaths occurred both from vehicle crush with intrusion into the passenger compartment and from ejection of the occupant and subsequent crushing by the vehicle. Positional asphyxia occurred in positions interfering with normal respiration, including inversion. None of the occupants had injury severe enough to result in death at the scene if they had not first died of asphyxia. This study suggests classifying the mechanism of asphyxia for these fatalities may be a challenge to forensic pathologists who seldom see these rare deaths.
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PMID:Asphyxia: a rare cause of death for motor vehicle crash occupants. 1974 10

Numerous investigations have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is a major mechanism of drug-induced liver injury, which involves the parent drug or a reactive metabolite generated through cytochromes P450. Depending of their nature and their severity, the mitochondrial alterations are able to induce mild to fulminant hepatic cytolysis and steatosis (lipid accumulation), which can have different clinical and pathological features. Microvesicular steatosis, a potentially severe liver lesion usually associated with liver failure and profound hypoglycemia, is due to a major inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Macrovacuolar steatosis, a relatively benign liver lesion in the short term, can be induced not only by a moderate reduction of mitochondrial FAO but also by an increased hepatic de novo lipid synthesis and a decreased secretion of VLDL-associated triglycerides. Moreover, recent investigations suggest that some drugs could favor lipid deposition in the liver through primary alterations of white adipose tissue (WAT) homeostasis. If the treatment is not interrupted, steatosis can evolve toward steatohepatitis, which is characterized not only by lipid accumulation but also by necroinflammation and fibrosis. Although the mechanisms involved in this aggravation are not fully characterized, it appears that overproduction of reactive oxygen species by the damaged mitochondria could play a salient role. Numerous factors could favor drug-induced mitochondrial and metabolic toxicity, such as the structure of the parent molecule, genetic predispositions (in particular those involving mitochondrial enzymes), alcohol intoxication, hepatitis virus C infection, and obesity. In obese and diabetic patients, some drugs may induce acute liver injury more frequently while others may worsen the pre-existent steatosis (or steatohepatitis).
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PMID:Drug-induced toxicity on mitochondria and lipid metabolism: mechanistic diversity and deleterious consequences for the liver. 2114 49

The intake-excitatory effects of caloric foods are mainly due to the palatable taste and the ensuing positive postingestive effects. Dietary obese individuals are inclined to overeat high caloric foods. However, it is still unclear whether the taste or postingestive reinforcement mainly contributes to the excessive intake by obese individuals. In the present study, we measured 10- or 120-min sucrose solution drunk by dietary obese rats and measured c-Fos expression following 120-min tests in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA), a forebrain nucleus involved in the hedonic reward and craving, and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), a taste relay area responsive to positive postingestive effects. Dietary obese rats, compared with those fed normal chow, ingested larger amounts of sucrose solution (0.25 M) in the 120-min test, but not in the 10-min test. In addition, significantly more sucrose-induced c-Fos positive cells were found in the CeA, but much less in the external lateral subnucleus of the PBN of dietary obese rats. Our results demonstrate that increased sucrose intake in dietary obese rats is mainly due to the alteration of postingestive effects. The differences in these postingestive effects in obesity may involve greater positive/excitatory signals in which the CeA may play a role, and less negative/inhibitory signals in which the el-PBN may be involved.
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PMID:Increased sucrose intake and corresponding c-Fos in amygdala and parabrachial nucleus of dietary obese rats. 2288 42

The purpose of this study was to examine whether smoking frequency and cigarette consumption were related with obesity in Korean adolescents. A total of 72,399 adolescents from 1st grade middle-school to 3rd grade high-school participated in the 5th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) project in 2009. The relationship between the body mass index (BMI), smoking frequency, and cigarette consumption was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for covariate variables like age, frequency of alcohol consumption and severe alcohol intoxication, amount of alcohol consumed, parents' education level, economic status, sedentary activities during the week, mental stress, sleep duration, frequency of vigorous and moderate physical activities, and muscular strength exercises during the week. We concluded that both smoking frequency and cigarette consumption had positive effects with regard to weight loss in adolescents. However, because smoking has negative side effects on general health, including an increase in abdominal fat and morbidity rates of obesity-related diseases, we recommend that adolescents should not smoke (Tab. 3, Ref. 26).
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PMID:Association of smoking frequency and cigarette consumption with obesity in Korean adolescents. 2309 98


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