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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In vivo deuterium magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure fat utilization rates in diabetic and non-diabetic obese and non-obese mice. Monosodium glutamate-treated mice were used as a model for obesity, and diabetes was induced by administration of streptozotocin. Deuterium levels were enhanced by addition of D2O to drinking water (10% v/v) for a period of 14 days. The deuterium magnetic resonance signals of the body water and adipose tissue were then monitored to measure the rate of deuterium loss from the body. The rates of fat utilization for obese mice were significantly lower (75%, p less than 0.05) (halflife, t1/2 = 113 +/- 13 days) than the rates for non-obese mice (t1/2 = 30.0 +/- 9.0 days). The induction of diabetes caused a large (90%) but proportionally similar increase in fat utilization for both groups of mice (obese, t1/2 = 11.0 +/- 5.2; non-obese, t1/2 = 3.0 +/- 0.9). The results suggest that the induction of diabetes in obese mice does not affect the utilization of fat as a metabolic fuel. These preliminary studies indicate that deuterium magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be a useful technique for non-invasive determination of the rates of fat utilization in vivo.
NMR Biomed 1989 Jul
PMID:The use of in vivo 2H NMR spectroscopy to investigate the effects of obesity and diabetes mellitus upon lipid metabolism in mice. 253 3

31P NMR spectroscopy was utilized to evaluate intracellular pH in erythrocytes from normotensive (n = 15) and from untreated (n = 16) and treated (n = 24) human essential hypertensive individuals. Intracellular erythrocyte pH was also measured in normotensive rats on different dietary calcium intakes as well as in volume-dependent deoxycorticosterone/saline and renin-dependent, 2 kidney, 1 clip (2K-1C) Goldblatt hypertensive rat models. Untreated essential hypertensives had significantly lower intracellular pH values compared with normotensive subjects [7.17 +/- 0.02 vs. 7.28 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM), significance level = 0.01]. Treated hypertensives had intracellular pH values indistinguishable from normotensives [7.27 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM)]. Similarly, pH values for each rat model varied inversely with blood pressure, regardless of whether increased dietary calcium intake lowered pressure (normotensive and deoxycorticosterone/saline hypertensive rats) or elevated it (2K-1C Goldblatt hypertensive rats). These results demonstrate that lower intracellular pH values are commonly observed in various hypertensive states and suggest that they may contribute to the pathophysiology of the hypertensive process. Alterations in intracellular pH may also underlie the clinically observed linkage of hypertension with other disease syndromes, such as diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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PMID:Intracellular pH in human and experimental hypertension. 347 18

Natural abundance deuterium NMR spectroscopy can be used to characterise in vivo 2H signals arising from water and fat in mice, with acquisition times of less than two minutes. Administration of D(2)0 (10% V/V) in the drinking water enhances these signals so that excellent spectra can be obtained with one scan. Using these procedures the in vivo turnover of 2H in water and fat in mice has been determined. This procedure may be of particular importance in studies of fat turnover in obesity.
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PMID:Preliminary studies on the potential of in vivo deuterium NMR spectroscopy. 371 21

The male adolescent may present several endocrinological problems, the most frequent of which is the retardation or absence of puberty due to constitutional delay of growth and development. This form does not require therapy and must be distinguished from other forms of hypogonadism (primitive or secondary) by endocrine tests (LHRH test, nightly pulses LH secretion, plasmatic basal level of testosterone and after HCG, cerebral NMR). Hypogonadism treatment consists of replacement therapy with testosterone or testes stimulation with HCG or LHRH. Another frequent disease is gynecomastia, usually due to physiological enlargement of mammary gland during pubertal development, sometimes it may be secondary to hypogonadism, tumors, liver function abnormalities. Severe or psychologically disturbing gynecomastia can be corrected by reductive mammoplasty. Very often, adolescents may present diseases related to incorrect food habits. Obesity is common and anorexia is becoming an important problem also in males.
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PMID:[Endocrinological problems in male adolescents]. 770 35

Obese Zucker rats are susceptible to increased hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/RP) injury. Increased lipid peroxidation occurs in this model with warm ischemia. We hypothesized that a severe depletion of phospholipids (PL) occurs with warm I/RP in fatty livers. Obese (Ob) and lean (Ln) Zucker rats were subjected to 90 min of in vivo partial hepatic warm I followed by RP. Total lipids extracted from one gm of liver (median lobe) taken at the end of 1, 2 and 6 hr of RP and sham (Sh) surgery (n=5 Ln & Ob) were analyzed by 202.3 MHz 31P NMR, which provided good resolution of individual PL. Obese (Sh) rats contained 22% more PL than Ln (P= < 0.01). Ischemia caused similar decreases in PL in both Ob (to 67% Sh) and Ln rats (62%). Following 2 hr RP, PL in Ob rats decreased further (46% Sh) and recovered only marginally at 6 hr (53%), in marked contrast to the rapid recovery in Ln to preischemic levels (110% Sh at both 2 and 6 hr; P=<0.001). Mole percents of individual PL did not change significantly except for lysophosphatidylcholine, which increased from 0.43 to 1.3% (Sh vs. 6 hr RP) in the Ob, but decreased from 0.98 to 0.52% in Ln animals (P = <0.001). Fatty livers thus are more vulnerable to phospholipid depletion in response to warm ischemia/reperfusion than normal livers.
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PMID:31P nuclear magnetic resonance study of phospholipids in ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat fatty liver model. 861 Apr 9

The male adolescent may present several endocrinological problems, the most frequent of which is the retardation or absence of puberty due to constitutional delay of growth and development. This form does not require therapy and must be distinguished from other forms of hypogonadism (primitive or secondary) by endocrine tests (LHRH test, nightly pulses LH secretion, plasmatic basal level of testosterone and after HCG, cerebral NMR). Hypogonadism treatment consists of replacement therapy with testosterone or testes stimulation with HCG or LHRH. Another frequent disease is gynecomastia, usually due to physiological enlargement of mammary gland during pubertal development, sometimes it may be secondary to hypogonadism, tumors, liver function abnormalities. Severe or psychologically disturbing gynecomastia can be corrected by reductive mammoplasty. Very often, adolescents may present diseases related to incorrect food habits. Obesity is common and anorexia is becoming an important problem also in males.
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PMID:[Endocrinologic problems of the male adolescent]. 904 25

Leptin is a signaling protein that in its mutant forms has been associated with obesity and Type II diabetes. The lack of sequence similarity has precluded analogies based on structural resemblance to known systems. Backbone NMR signals for mouse leptin (13C/15N -labeled) have been assigned and its secondary structure reveals it to be a four-helix bundle cytokine. Helix lengths and disulfide pattern are in agreement with leptin as a member of the short-helix cytokine family. A three-dimensional model was built verifying the mechanical consistency of the identified elements with a short-helix cytokine core.
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PMID:Leptin is a four-helix bundle: secondary structure by NMR. 916 7

Melanocortins, which are involved in melanocyte pigmentation control and glucocorticoid stimulation, have functional roles in various physiological mechanisms and have been shown to participate in higher cortical functions. Recently, it has also been reported that melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) are the key components of the hypothalamic response to obesity. The solution structures of both melanocyte-stimulating hormone alpha-MSH (Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2) and its analog alpha-MSH-ND (Ac-Ahx-Asp-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Lys-NH2) (Ahx, 2-aminohexanoic acid) have been determined by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and simulated-annealing calculations. The NMR data revealed that alpha-MSH forms a hairpin loop conformation which includes conserved message sequences, whereas alpha-MSH-ND prefers a type I beta-turn comprising residues of Asp2-His3-DPhe4-Arg5. Final simulated-annealing structures of both alpha-MSH-ND and alpha-MSH peptides converged with rmsd of 0.07 nm for alpha-MSH-ND and 0.1 nm for alpha-MSH between backbone atoms, respectively. This result will provide the structural bases of melanocortin functions as well as valuable information for structure-based drug design involving the regulation of obesity and feeding.
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PMID:Solution structures of the melanocyte-stimulating hormones by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and dynamical simulated-annealing calculations. 979 99

The structure of the chemically synthesized C-terminal region of the human agouti related protein (AGRP) was determined by 2D 1H NMR. Referred to as minimized agouti related protein, MARP is a 46 residue polypeptide containing 10 Cys residues involved in five disulfide bonds that retains the biological activity of full length AGRP. AGRP is a mammalian signaling molecule, involved in weight homeostasis, that causes adult onset obesity when overexpressed in mice. AGRP was originally identified by homology to the agouti protein, another potent signaling molecule involved in obesity disorders in mice. While AGRP's exact mechanism of action is unknown, it has been identified as a competitive antagonist of melanocortin receptors 3 and 4 (MC3r, MC4r), and MC4r in particular is implicated in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. Full length agouti and AGRP are only 25% homologous, however, their active C-terminal regions are approximately 40% homologous, with nine out of the 10 Cys residues spatially conserved. Until now, 3D structures have not been available for either agouti, AGRP or their C-terminal regions. The NMR structure of MARP reported here can be characterized as three major loops, with four of the five disulfide bridges at the base of the structure. Though its fold is well defined, no canonical secondary structure is identified. While previously reported structural models of the C-terminal region of AGRP were attempted based on Cys homology between AGRP and certain toxin proteins, we find that Cys spacing is not sufficient to correctly determine the 3D fold of the molecule.
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PMID:NMR structure of a minimized human agouti related protein prepared by total chemical synthesis. 1037 Nov 51

The wide acceptance of the diene conjugation-method in monitoring low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation ex vivo has led to development of an assay, which measures the amount of baseline diene conjugation (BDC) in circulating LDL, and is an indicator of oxidized LDL in vivo. The LDL-BDC assay is based on precipitation of serum LDL with buffered heparin, and spectrophotometric determination of baseline level of conjugated dienes in lipids extracted from LDL. Compared to existing methods for oxidized LDL, LDL-BDC is fast and simple to perform. Chemical studies by HPLC and NMR have verified that LDL-BDC is a specific indicator of circulating mildly oxidized LDL. Validity of the assay is further indicated by strong correlation with the titer of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL. Clinical studies have shown that LDL-BDC is closely related to coronary, carotid, and brachial atherosclerosis. Moreover, several independent studies have demonstrated surprisingly strong associations between LDL-BDC and known atherosclerosis risk factors (obesity, physical inactivity, hypertension, diabetes, and arterial functions). Indeed, these studies seem to indicate that as an indicator of the risk of atherosclerosis LDL-BDC clearly exceeds sensitivity and specificity of the common lipid markers of atherosclerosis. It is concluded that LDL-BDC is a promising candidate in search for methods for the evaluation of in vivo LDL oxidation and the risk of atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Baseline diene conjugation in LDL lipids: an indicator of circulating oxidized LDL. 1064 5


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