Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028738 (nystagmus)
 7,431 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tetrahydroaminoacridine (T.H.A., Tacrine) 1 mg/kg, and 4-aminopyridine (Pymadin) 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v., significantly reduced the recovery time when the were administered after ketamine-diazepam anesthesia in Maccacus Rhesus monkeys. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (50 mg), diazepam (1.2 mg) and sodium glycopyrrolate (0.02 mg) as a secretiondrying agent, as a single bolus injection. Anesthesia was continued with ketamine by constant infusion of a solution of 5 mg/ml, at a speed of 20 mg/ml, at a speed of 20 ml/hour, during 30 minutes. The 5 monkeys in the control group were allowed to recover spontaneously. The test series consisted of the same monkeys, with an adequate rest period of one or more weeks between anesthesias. Recovery was indicated by production of nystagmus, and by an awake pattern in the EEG. Clinical signs, restlessness and purposeful movements, were also used.
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PMID:Effect of tetrahydroaminoacridine and 4-aminopyridine on recovery from ketamine-diazepam anesthesia in the macacus rhesus monkey. 12 11

Senegalese baboons (Papio papio), with a natural syndrome of photosensitive epilepsy, consistently show generalized myoclonic jerks if stimulated stroboscopically at hourly intervals, two to eight hours after the intravenous administration of allylglycine, 200 mg/kg. This provides a model for testing the acute antiepileptic effects of established or new drugs. The relationship between concentration of drug, antiepileptic action, and acute neurological toxic effects can be studied. Pnehobarbital (15 mg/kg) and diazepam (0;5 to 1.5 mg/kg) were highly effective in the absence of signs of toxic reaction (plasma levels: phenobarbital sodium, 0.7 to 1.7 mg/100 ml; diazepam, greater than 0.5 mug/ml). After administration of carbamazepine (30 to 40 mg/kg) and diphenylhydantoin sodium (40 to 50 mg/kg), antiepileptic action was seen, but was accompanied by severe toxic signs (nystagmus and ataxia). Sulthiame (20 to 125 mg/kg) and ethosuximide (50 to 100 mg/kg) had little antiepileptic activity and no acute toxic effects. This primate model may aid the identification of new drugs that are active against grand mal seizures and status epilepticus.
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PMID:A primate model for testing anticonvulsant drugs. 23 98

1 The effect of altering the ionic balance of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on cloacal temperature of unanesthetized pigeons kept at room temperature (20-25 degrees C) was examined by injection or infusion of solutions of different ionic composition into a cannulated lateral cerebral ventricle. 2 An increase in the concentration of calcium ions caused a fall in temperature and behavioural sedation. The effects were the same whether the calcium was present as calcium chloride or as the calcium disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (CaNa2EDTA). 3 When the concentration of sodium ions in the CSF perfusate was increased by addition of NaCl or that of calcium ions was decreased by addition of Na2EDTA a rise in temperature was often produced but this was not consistent. NaCl sometimes had either no effect or lowered the temperature. Na2EDTA while producing a rise when first injected failed to do so when repeated a few hours, 24 h and often 72 h later. Prolonged infusion of either agent caused intense behavioural excitement leading to death. 4 Potassium ions, like sodium ions, caused a rise in temperature but only when infused continuously. Behavioural excitement was only rarely observed. 5 Magnesium produced a fall in temperature. The concentration required was much higher than that of calcium but the hypothermia was more prolonged suggesting a slower elimination of the magnesium ions from the CSF. Magnesium ions caused tremors, nystagmus and ataxia as opposed to sedation caused by calcium. 6 All these were central effects as they were not obtained when the substances were injected intravenously. 7 Since changes in body temperature of the pigeon produced by injection of calcium or sodium ions into the CSF were similar to those seen in various species of mammal, it is concluded that the relative concentration of these ions within the brain plays an important role in establishing the temperature setpoint in both birds and mammals.
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PMID:Sodium and calcium ions in the control of temperature set-point in the pigeon. 81 41

Although vestibular nystagmus is known to be affected by variations in mental states, little information is available about the effects of drugs on vestibular responses when a) subjects are either alert or relaxed, and b) visual stimuli are available or denied. In this study, 30 men were assigned to d-amphetamine sulphage (10 mg), secobarbital sodium (100 mg), or placebo (no drug) groups. With subjects alert in darkness, the drugs had no differential effect on rotation-induced vestibular nystagmus; when subjects were relaxed there was significantly less nystagmus than in the alert condition, particularly for the seco-barbital group. With vision permitted, d-amphetamine had no statistically different effect on nystagmus from the placebo. However, subjects given secobarbital were unable to use visual fixation effectively to suppress vestibular eye movements and their visual-following ability as measured by optokinetic nystagmus was also suppressed. Control over the mental activity of subjects and assessment of oculomotor-related functions both with and without opportunities for visual fixation are both important in evaluating drug effects.
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PMID:Effects of D-amphetamine and of secobarbital on optokinetic and rotation-induced nystagmus. 114 69

Of 17 healthy adults without nystagmus who ingested 100 mg of pentobarbital sodium, six had up-beating, gaze-evoked vertical nystagmus 12 hours later. Three of them had nystgmus 36 hours later, but none of them had it 60 hours later. Therefore, one should be reluctant to ascribe this type of nystagmus to a disease of the central nervous system in patients who received a barbiturate within several days of examination.
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PMID:Prolonged vertical nystagmus after pentobarbital sodium administration. 115 42

A 51-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of gait disturbance and dysuria. Neurological examination revealed limb and truncal ataxia, orthostatic hypotension, cogwheel rigidity in all limbs, generalized hyperreflexia without pathological reflex, and horizontal gaze nystagmus. She became progressively worse and bedridden at age 52. Then she developed abnormal eye movements. Electrooculogram revealed vertical, horizontal or oblique macro square wave jerks and pendular nystagmus. Macro square wave jerks appeared during fixation and disappeared with eye closure or in the dark room. Macro square wave jerks were characterized by a duration of about 200 msec and an amplitude of 10 to 15 degrees. Pendular nystagmus with a duration of several seconds and amplitude of 5 to 15 degrees appeared when she changed her fixation or the point of fixation disappeared. Macro square wave jerks and pendular nystagmus were mildly suppressed after the intramuscular injection of 100 mg of phenobarbital, the oral intake of sodium valproate of 600 mg/day or baclofen of 60 mg/day. They were almost completely depressed after the intravenous injection of 3 mg of diazepam or the oral intake of clonazepam of 1.5 mg/day. We suggested that both macro square wave jerks and pendular nystagmus in this patient might be caused by the dysfunction of GABAergic system in the saccadic eye movement system.
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PMID:[Multiple system atrophy with macro square wave jerks and pendular nystagmus]. 130 29

Vestibular dysfunction was chemically induced in male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) by intratympanic injections (30 mg per side) of sodium arsanilate (atoxyl). The control group received intratympanic injections of isotonic saline. After a one-week recovery period the voles were behaviorally assayed for integrity of their labyrinthine systems. All subjects were tested for the presence of the air-righting reflex and body rotation-induced nystagmus. Three weeks later a multivariate assessment of spontaneous motor activity of the voles was carried out in the automated Digiscan Activity Monitor. In addition, the swimming behavior of the voles was examined. Voles with vestibular dysfunction exhibited pronounced postural abnormalities (head dorsiflexion), were not able to swim with their nose above the water for a 1 min test period, and displayed disorientation and thrashing movements. In the Digiscan activity test the atoxyl-treated voles displayed significantly more activity in the horizontal measures (Ps less than 0.01), including greater distance travelled per movement and greater speed of movements, relative to the control animals. The labyrinthectomized group also spent significantly (P less than 0.05) less time in vertical movements and exhibited significantly more time in stereotypic behavior (P less than 0.01), relative to controls. Atoxyl-treated voles also showed significantly less thigmotaxis (wall-hugging) than the control animals (P less than 0.01). In general, changes in spontaneous behavior observed in the sodium arsanilate-treated voles were consistent with the presence of postural and balance abnormalities and a redirecting of exploratory vertical movements toward horizontal locomotion to the extent that these animals were clearly hyperactive in this dimension. The multivariate behavioral assessment available in the Digiscan Activity Monitoring system, thus seems to be especially useful in the examination of behavioral components affected by vestibular dysfunction.
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PMID:Sodium arsanilate-induced vestibular dysfunction in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus): effects on posture, spontaneous locomotor activity and swimming behavior. 157 Oct 99

A 64-year-old man with ethanol intoxication, ingested a bottle of Herbiace (100 ml, 32 w/v% of bialaphos, CAS #35597-43-4, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Tokyo, Japan). He had severe metabolic acidosis and was treated with infusions of sodium bicarbonate and furosemide, plus gastric lavage and enema. The metabolic acidosis improved 15 hours after treatment but nystagmus, apnea and convulsions were progressive. Although his sensorium was clear, spontaneous respirations were not observed for 64 hours. The electroencephalographic findings of atypical triphasic waves and slow waves suggest a unique response to bialaphos poisoning. His clinical course indicates that the management of apnea is critically important to recovery from bialaphos poisoning.
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PMID:Bialaphos poisoning with apnea and metabolic acidosis. 200 62

Vestibular dysfunction was chemically induced in Long-Evans rats by intratympanic injections (30 mg per side) of sodium arsanilate (atoxyl). Following a one-week recovery period the rats were behaviorally assayed for integrity of the labyrinthine systems. All subjects were tested for presence of the air-righting reflex, the contact-righting reflex (by lightly holding a sheet of Plexiglas against the soles of the rat's feet), and body rotation-induced nystagmus. All animals were then tested for their ability to remain on a small (15 x 15 cm) platform. Next, the subjects were given two 10-min open-field tests during which ambulation, rearing, grooming, and defecation responses were recorded. Four to five weeks later all rats were tested twice (60 min per session) in the automated Digiscan Activity Monitor which provides a multivariate assessment of spontaneous motor activity. The rats with vestibular dysfunction (Group VNX) took significantly less time to fall off the platform (p less than 0.01). They also exhibited significantly more open-field ambulation but fewer rearing responses (ps less than 0.01). An examination of group correlation coefficients for open-field variables and the platform test scores revealed some interesting group differences (ps less than 0.05). In the Digiscan tests the atoxyl-treated rats exhibited fewer number of horizontal movements, but increased speed for these movements (ps less than 0.05). Vertical movements did not differ significantly in incidence, but these movements were greatly reduced in duration (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Sodium arsanilate-induced vestibular dysfunction in rats: effects on open-field behavior and spontaneous activity in the automated digiscan monitoring system. 221 17

Cases of hypomagnesaemia of hereditary renal origin represent at least three different congenital disorders of tubular reabsorption of magnesium (Mg). Isolated familial hypomagnesaemia has been reported in a heterogeneous group of patients and an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has often been found to be present. Familial hypokalaemia-hypomagnesaemia, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, has been reported in 17 patients and we now describe 3 additional cases. Hypomagnesaemia is accompanied by hypokalaemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypocalciuria and moderate sodium chloride wasting. Titration of renal Mg reabsorption indicates the presence of a low threshold but a normal Tm. The inherited defect is probably situated at the level of the distal convoluted tubule and mimics the therapeutic effect of thiazides. This condition is frequently confused with Bartter's syndrome. Familial hypomagnesaemia-hypercalciuria, also inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, has been reported in at least 15 patients and we now add 3 new cases. Hypomagnesaemia is always accompanied by hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Ocular abnormalities such as myopia and horizontal nystagmus are often present. Hypermagnesiuria is of a greater degree than that observed in the previous entity and reflects a low Tm of Mg reabsorption. The defect must be situated at the level of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and affects the transport of both calcium and Mg but not of sodium and chloride. This condition has not been clearly separated from hereditary distal renal tubular acidosis in the literature.
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PMID:Hypomagnesaemia of hereditary renal origin. 315 19


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