Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028738 (nystagmus)
 7,431 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The industrial solvents xylene, styrene, trichloroethylene and methylchloroform administered to rabbits caused a positional nystagmus and disturbances in the nystagmus response to rotatory acceleration. The positional nystagmus had a beat direction the opposite to positional alcohol nystagmus, which was in similar experiments elicited by methanol, ethanol and propanol. The three alcohols needed a ten times higher blood concentration to cause a nystagmus than the solvents did.
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PMID:On the mechanism of vestibular disturbances caused by industrial solvents. 31 38

The effects of alcohol and marijuana (tetrahydrocannabinol-THC) on saccades, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic nystagmus were quantitatively evaluated in 24 normal subjects using electro-oculographic recordings. Each subject was given an initial trial run and then tested three times (at weekly intervals) with either 0.0microgram THC or 100 microgram THC/kg bodyweight while at three different blood alcohol concentrations (0.0, 0.05 and 0.1%). A 2X3 factorial design was used. Saccades and smooth pursuit were induced by a dot of light moving in steps and ramps on a modified television set. Optokinetic nystagmus was induced by a cloth drum completely surrounding the subject and moving at a constant velocity of 30 degrees/s. Alcohol (0.05 and 0.1%) alone produced significant (p less than 0.05) impairment of saccade maximum velocity and reaction time, smooth pursuit velocity, and optokinetic slow-component velocity. The addition of THC caused performance to further deteriorate at each blood alcohol level but, in all but one instance, the added effect was not statistically significant ( greater than 0.05). At the THC and alcohol concentrations used in this study, the eye movement effects of alcohol over-shadowed those of marijuana.
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PMID:Effect of alcohol and marijuana on eye movements. 42 Jun 62

Effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GOBA) on psychomotor skills related to driving were studied in healthy student volunteers. The effects of oral GOBA 1.0 and 2.0 g, alone or in combination with 0.5 g/kg of ethyl alcohol, were compared in double-blind cross-over trials against oral diazepam 10 mg (D), alcohol 0.5 g/kg, and lactose placebo. Reactive and co-ordinative skills, attention, flicker fusion, proprioception, nystagmus, Maddox wing, and subjective estimations were included. The first single-dose trial with 12 volunteers revealed that neither GOBA 1.0 g nor D modified attention. D impaired reactive skills whilst co-ordinative skills remained largely uninfluenced by D or GOBA. Both D and GOBA impaired leg proprioception. Only D was experienced as a sedative drug. In the second trial with 12 volunteers, GOBA 1.0 g slightly increased reaction mistakes whereas GOBA 2.0 g next day did not. Either dose of GOBA was ineffective on co-ordinative skills, critical flicker fusion frequency, and proprioception. Alcohol alone (0.41 +/- 0.047 mg/ml) improved rather than impaired skills. GOBA 1.0 g + alcohol (0.36 +/- 0.027 mg/ml) impaired reactive skills more than GOBA 2.0 g did but no potentiation was seen. D impaired reactive and co-ordinative skills and flicker fusion. When D was given on two consecutive days, some tachyphylaxis to the D response was seen on co-ordinative skills but not on reactive skills or flicker fusion. It is concluded that in the recommended anxiolytic doses used GOBA neither deteriorates driving skills nor importantly increases the effects of low doses of alcohol.
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PMID:Actions and interactions with alcohol of drugs on psychomotor skills: comparison of diazepam and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. 70 50

The influence of ethanol upon dynamics of rotatory (RN) and post-rotatory nystagmus (PRN), trunk pose-tonic reflexes and their vegetative (cardiac, respiratory) components was studied in chronic experiments on rabbits with the help of electronystagmo- and electromyography. Ethanol was administered once intra-abdominally (1 g/kg) and one time a day during 30 days. Alcohol concentration in blood was determined by gas-and-fluid chromatography. The animal which were given isotonic solution of sodium chloride in the same doses and quantities served as a control group. It was established that vestibular oculomotor reflexes are mainly facilitated in an acute period of ethanol administration, then their inhibition occurs. Besides, the changes of PRN are stronger expressed than those of RN. Labyrinth pose-tonic reflexes are more often inhibited under the influence of ethanol; their strongest depression was observed during the first hour after ethanol administration and on the 15th day of chronic alcoholization. In alcoholization the changes of vestibular-vegetative reaction occur; primary short-term weakening of vestibular influences upon cardiac rhythm and respiration with their subsequent increasing.
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PMID:[The effect of alcohol (ethanol) on the reactions of the vestibular system]. 130 40

We have given 12 healthy subjects the H1-antihistamine ebastine (20 mg) or placebo in a double-blind, crossover study for one week each. The subjects were tested for drug effects on Day 6 of each period, and for interactions of ebastine with ethanol (0.8 g.kg-1) on Day 7. On both days, the testing runs were done at baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 h after the drug. Performance was evaluated both objectively (digit symbol substitution, flicker fusion, Madox wing, nystagmus, simulated driving, body balance) and subjectively (visual analogue scales) and with questionnaires. Venous blood samples were taken daily during maintenance and during each test run for assay of plasma carebastine. Blood ethanol concentrations were assayed with an Alcolmeter in the breath and directly in the blood. Plasma carebastine concentration reached a steady-state from Day 3 on; the mean concentrations in the morning were 92 micrograms.l-1 on Day 6 and 104 micrograms.l-1 on Day 7. The rise in plasma carebastine after an extra 20 mg of ebastine was accelerated but not increased by ethanol. Ebastine did not impair performance objectively or subjectively. It slightly improved body balance and reduced errors during simple tracking at 4 h. Blood ethanol concentrations peaked (mean 0.76 g.l-1) at 1.5 h after ethanol intake. Ethanol impaired performance in most objective tests and produced clumsiness, muzziness, and mental slowness, but little drowsiness. Ebastine neither modified the blood ethanol concentrations nor increased the effects of ethanol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Lack of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of the antihistamine ebastine with ethanol in healthy subjects. 135 20

Numerous systemic drugs produce adverse effects that involve the eye. Pigmentary inclusions of the lids or conjunctivae or both may be caused by a variety of drugs, including amiodarone, chlorpromazine, and gold salts, while conjunctivitis and blepharoconjunctivitis have been associated with isotretinoin, sulfonamides, salicylates, and antineoplastic agents. Dry eye complaints may be caused by antihistamines, beta-receptor blocking agents prescribed for cardiovascular problems, antianxiety agents, and tricyclic antidepressants. Several drugs have been well documented as causes of keratopathies and/or lenticular deposits, including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, chlorpromazine, gold salts, systemic corticosteroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and the antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone. Visual acuity may be decreased by transient changes in refractive error caused by sulfonamides, the antifungal agent metronidazole, thiazide diuretics, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Dilation of the pupil may be caused by anticholinergic drugs, antihistamines, antidepressant agents, and central nervous system stimulants such as cocaine, methylphenidate, and amphetamines. Nystagmus, diplopia, and extraocular muscle palsies have been associated with central nervous system depressants, antihistamines, barbiturates, and elevated blood ethanol concentrations. Intraocular pressure can be elevated in susceptible individuals by long-term use of topical or systemic corticosteroids. Numerous drugs have been associated with retinal toxicity, including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, thioridazine, tamoxifen, and talc, which may embolize to the retinal circulation when administered by long-term drug abusers. The antituberculosis agents ethambutol and isoniazid have been implicated as causes of reduced acuity, visual field defects, and disturbances of color vision. Optic neuritis and retrobulbar neuritis may result from the use of chloramphenicol. This paper describes these and other adverse ocular effects that may be encountered when examining patients who are taking systemic drugs.
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PMID:Ocular side effects of selected systemic drugs. 136 80

A frequent occurrence in geriatric and chronically ill patients is the exhibition of several simultaneously occurring and confounding health problems. This paper reports the case of a 61-year-old-white male who presented with an extensive history of multiple brain infarcts, hemiparesis, personality changes and varied visual complaints. Tests in the neurooptometric work-up for this patient included static automated perimetry, stereoacuity and optokinetic nystagmus evaluation. The results were suggestive of multiple cerebrovascular accidents which included the right and left occipital lobes as well as the right parietal lobe. This clinical picture was complicated by the presence of nutritional or ethanol-induced optic neuropathy. Emphasis was placed on a detailed sequential history of events and a complete neurological and optometric evaluation to ascertain the multiple foci of cortical infarction. Corroboration of clinical findings was obtained by computerized axial tomography (CT scan).
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PMID:Parietal and bi-occipital lobe infarction confounded by ethanol-induced optic neuropathy. 181 74

Thirteen healthy male volunteers aged 21-42 years (mean 27 years) were assessed by dynamic posturography before and after ingestion of alcohol. Each subject was given 0.6 g alcohol per kg body weight in fruit juice to be drunk within 10 min. Alcohol levels in blood samples at 15, 45 and 75 min after ingestion were assessed by gas chromatography. Posturographic measurements were conducted at 30 and 60 min after alcohol administration. Dynamic posturography comprises a sensory organization part in which the support surface and visual surround are either stable or referenced to the patient's sway and the test conditions are eyes open or eyes closed. In a movement coordination part the platform makes active movements. Alcohol levels were 0.40% (SD 0.14) after 45 min and 0.51% (SD 0.14) at 75 min. All subjects presented positional alcohol nystagmus and gaze nystagmus after 45 min. In the sensory organization part of the dynamic posturography in test conditions with eyes closed and the head in neutral position, both with stable (p less than 0.039) and sway-referenced platform (p less than 0.017), alcohol effects were found. In the test condition with sway referenced platform and stable visual surround the effect of alcohol was close to significance (p less than 0.069). When the head was tilted to either side, no effect of alcohol was detected, nor in the movement coordination test. It is concluded that dynamic posturography can detect the effect of alcohol on static and dynamic equilibrium. Test conditions with absent vision appear to be the most sensitive. The results in static conditions are well in agreement with previous studies; the findings under dynamic conditions are new.
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PMID:Effect of alcohol measured by dynamic posturography. 192 74

A 64-year-old man with ethanol intoxication, ingested a bottle of Herbiace (100 ml, 32 w/v% of bialaphos, CAS #35597-43-4, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Tokyo, Japan). He had severe metabolic acidosis and was treated with infusions of sodium bicarbonate and furosemide, plus gastric lavage and enema. The metabolic acidosis improved 15 hours after treatment but nystagmus, apnea and convulsions were progressive. Although his sensorium was clear, spontaneous respirations were not observed for 64 hours. The electroencephalographic findings of atypical triphasic waves and slow waves suggest a unique response to bialaphos poisoning. His clinical course indicates that the management of apnea is critically important to recovery from bialaphos poisoning.
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PMID:Bialaphos poisoning with apnea and metabolic acidosis. 200 62

The echocardiographic and psychometric effects of amitriptyline or imipramine combined with alcohol have been studied in a double-blind cross-over trial in 7 healthy volunteers. Amitriptyline or imipramine 25 mg b.d. were given for three days and then the dose was doubled. On Days 1 and 10-13 echocardiographic measurements were done, and on Day 15 psychomotor tests were performed. Ethanol 1 g/kg in each session was administered 1 h after drug intake. Alcohol alone increased heart rate and decreased the systolic blood pressure and ejection fraction. It also impaired most of the psychomotor measures, horizontal nystagmus being the most sensitive test. On Day 1, the first dose of imipramine decreased the heart rate and increased diastolic blood pressure. These effects were partly counteracted by alcohol. Imipramine + alcohol decreased the WSTR. Amitriptyline alone did not affect the echocardiographic findings on Day 1. In combination with alcohol it reduced cardiac output and prolonged PEP, and increased the PEP/LVET ratio. During subacute treatment (Days 10-13) WSTR was increased by both antidepressants, but only amitriptyline increased the heart rate. Unlike imipramine + alcohol, amitriptyline + alcohol decreased WSTR and MCSR. Digit symbol substitution was the only pschometric test in which the alcohol effect was clearly enhanced by both amitriptyline and imipramine.
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PMID:Echocardiographic and psychometric effects of amitriptyline or imipramine plus alcohol. 205 Jan 69


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