Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028738 (nystagmus)
 7,431 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuropsychologic findings during recovery from cortical blindness are described in four right-handed patients (two female, two male) aged 53 to 70 years. The lesions were due to occlusion of both posterior cerebral arteries (Case 1) and vascular spasm following subarachnoidal hemorrhage (Case 3) or angiography (Cases 2 and 4). Complete blindness lasted for 3 months until death in Case 1, 4 weeks in case 2, and 1 to 2 days in Cases 3 and 4. Confusional states and visual hallucinations were pronounced in three cases. Anosognosia (Anton's syndrome) was most pronounced in a patient with occlusion of both posterior cerebral arteries and less obvious in the remaining patients. During the recovery phase, symptoms of right hemisphere involvement were prominent with left-sided hemianopsia and diminished optokinetic nystagmus to the left, prosopagnosia in two cases, and dysmorphopsia with altered physiognomic recognition in one case. Transient disturbances of color recognition occurred in three patients. The observations are discussed with reference to clinical and neuropathologic findings of the literature.
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PMID:[Prosopagnosia and disturbance of color recognition during recovery from cortical blindness]. 30 40

The word "blockage" appeared the last ten years. It designs altogether a syndrom, a symptom and a pathogenic theory of squint. This term is analysed and discussed. The definitions, more or less precise, vary with the authors. The clinical signs attributed to the blockage are, in fact, due to the importance of the deviation. The electro-oculographic semeiology derives also partially of the magnitude of the angle of strabismus. The notion of a hypothetical nystagmus does not help for the understanding of the pathogenis of squint. The "faden operation", difficult and therefore dangerous in some hands, is perhaps an acquisition for the treatment of peculiar cases of nystagmus or paralysis. It would have been possible to expose the facts clearly by using only the terms of spasm and contracture. The confusion brought by the term of "blockage" is perhaps counterbalanced by the development of researches on the surgery of the arc of contact and on electro-oculography.
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PMID:[Is the term "blockage" just? (author's transl)]. 53 75

Eight cases of obstructive hydrocephalus manifesting palsy of upward gaze and other features of the Sylvian aqueduct syndrome are reported. During the crisis of intracranial hypertension, all of them developed upward gaze palsy and variable abnormalities of the convergence mechanism such as paralysis, spasm, and convergence nystagmus. The frequent apparent blindness was probably related to gaze paralysis, since visual evoked responses were present. All these ocular abnormalities disappeared after shunting. Periaqueductal dysfunction on the basis of raised intracranial pressure is postulated as the possible mechanism for the above ocular manifestations. The 'setting sun' sign is frequently seen in infants and children with hydrocephalus and has been considered in the past to result from displacement of eyeballs by pressure from the orbital roof plate. Our observations would suggest periaqueductal dysfunction rather than the mechanical displacement as the possible mechanism for this sign.
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PMID:Sylvian aqueduct syndrome as a sign of acute obstructive hydrocephalus in children. 115 9

A 47-year old female had a fever about 39 degrees C of unknown origin for 2 days. Soon she developed pain in the bilateral lower extremities followed by gait disturbance and vesicorectal disorder. Prednisolone was administered with an improvement. However, she developed paresthesia in the upper extremities 1 month later, and then gradually paraplegia another 5 month later. Nystagmus, painful tonic spasm, facial spasm, and visual disorder also appeared. These symptoms repeatedly exacerbated and remitted with administration of prednisolone. We examined this patient at age 53, CBC, blood chemistry, urinalysis, ECG and chest X-ray were normal. Serum IgG and IgA level were decreased. CSF protein content and IgG level were remarkably increased. EEG showed diffuse theta activities. MRI studies revealed high intensity signals in the putamen, deep frontal and periventricular white matter region. Pulse therapy of methylprednisolone was performed effectively for several times. She died of respiratory and heart failure 6 years after the onset. Autopsy revealed bilateral continuous cystic lesions along the lateral ventricles extending from the frontal tips of anterior horns to the occipital tips of posterior, and further, to the temporal tips of lateral horns; the caudate-callosal angeles (Wetterwinkel) were more severely and widely affected bilaterally. There were also old and fresh demyelinated lesions scattered in the cerebral white matter, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Although this case is considered to have typical MS from clinical and pathological findings, there have been only a few reports of MS with such continuous cystic lesions in the cerebral hemispheres as seen in this case.
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PMID:[An autopsy case of multiple sclerosis with bilateral continuous cystic lesions along lateral ventricles and caudate-callosal angles (Wetterwinkel)]. 179 16

Botulinum A toxin has been used to treat strabismus and a variety of spasmodic neuromuscular diseases. Botulinum toxin treatment of strabismus is not as definitive and stable as the traditional surgical approach, but it has been found most useful in postoperative overcorrection, small deviations, sensory deviations, and acute sixth nerve palsy. This toxin has been effective in the treatment of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, for which it produces temporary relief of symptoms. In addition, this treatment has been applied to lower lid entropion, myokymia, aberrant regeneration of the seventh nerve, lid retraction, corneal exposure, nystagmus, spasmodic torticollis, and adductor spastic dysphonia.
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PMID:Botulinum A toxin (Oculinum) in ophthalmology. 192 43

Microvascular decompression procedures were carried out to relieve right hemifacial spasm in a 54-year-old man. His facial spasm was satisfactorily cured but he complained of severe vertigo, and slight facial palsy was also shown after the operation. Electronystagmograph disclosed spontaneous horizontal and rotatory nystagmus toward the non-operated (left) side. The postoperative caloric test showed profound dysfunction on the operated side. His hearing was well maintained postoperatively. These findings indicated, in addition to facial nerve injury, that the peripheral portion of the vestibular nerve was selectively damaged by the operative manipulations. It was shown that both the facial and vestibular nerves tended to be injured when the nerve trunk was shifted caudal-to-rostrally due to manipulations in the CP angle. It was stressed that caution should be paid to preserve not only the cochlear but also the vestibular nerve function in cerebellopontine angle manipulations.
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PMID:[Selective injury of the vestibular and facial nerves following microvascular decompression procedures for hemifacial spasm: A case report]. 239 21

Various types of associated movements of eyeballs with other cranial muscles have been described in the literature. Only a few observations, however, have been reported on the relation of ocular movements and facial muscles innervated by the facial nerve, especially the orbicularis oculi muscles. We report two cases presenting gaze-evoked involuntary contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle and unilateral eyelid closure. Case 1 was a 38-year-old housewife who was admitted to our hospital because of gait disturbance and sensory deficits below the neck. She had a 5-year history of left facial palsy, disturbed horizontal eye movements, retrobulbar optic neuritis, spastic paraparesis and bladder and rectal disturbances, some of which had relapsed a few times. Neurological abnormalities were summarized as follows: bilateral pale discs, right Horner's sign, horizontal nystagmus, left facial nerve palsy of peripheral type, spastic paraparesis with left-sided predominance, sensory disturbances below the third cervical segment, truncal and limb ataxia, and bladder and rectal disturbances. Gaze-linked synchronized contraction of the left facial muscles was observed and on the left lateral gaze marked spasm of the left orbicularis oculi muscle with occasional lid closure was evoked. Case 2 was a 72-year-old female with cerebellar hemorrhage. Neurological abnormal findings included mild disorientation, meningeal irritation signs, horizontal nystagmus on lateral gaze, reduced response of reflex eye movement to the left, minimal weakness of the left facial muscles, ataxic dysarthria, mild left hemiparesis and hemisensory deficits with face, truncal and limb ataxia. She could move eyeballs to any direction but with effort to the left.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Gaze-evoked eyelid closure. Report of two cases]. 261 99

BTX injection has been used for 11 years by 292 ophthalmologists in 8,854 patients aged three months to 90 years in a variety of eye muscle and eyelid disorders. No systemic toxic reaction has occurred, local complications are few, and visual loss has not occurred in any case. In blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm BTX appears to fill an important need, since no other drug is reliably effective and since surgical interventions have substantial side effects. Strabismus cases with active uveitis, hypotony, previous detachment surgery, active thyroid eye disease, and recent paralytic strabismus are often poor candidates for surgical intervention. Some patients in each of these categories were treated effectively and safely by BTX injection. Surgery is clearly the preferred treatment modality in large angle deviations, in chronic paralytic strabismus, in cases where diplopia for a month or two from injection would incapacitate the patient, in nystagmus, in oblique muscle disorders and A-V patterns, where muscles have been misplaced and where restrictions to alignment have been created by disease or prior surgery. Side by side comparisons of surgery and injection in congenital esotropia and in concomitant strabismus of 50 PD or less should result in further clarification of treatment choices as to effectiveness, side effects and cost. BTX is presently available only to clinical investigators using the drug under research protocols.
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PMID:Botulinum toxin therapy of eye muscle disorders. Safety and effectiveness. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 277 91

Twenty-three children (16 girls, 7 boys, aged 6-17 years) who presented with the specific complaint of blurred vision were diagnosed as having functional visual loss. Symptoms were intermittent in seven children. Associated signs and symptoms were common and included headaches, visual field loss, diplopia, micropsia, voluntary nystagmus, and spasm of the near reflex. Our treatment consisted of reassurance and follow-up. Resolution of symptoms occurred within 24 hours in one third and within two months in three-quarters of our patients. Parental support and encouragement were associated with more rapid resolution. Recurrence of symptoms and late onset of somatic complaints were rare. Conflicts related to family or school environment were common. Four children had been sexually or physically abused. Our experience suggests that, regardless of the duration or severity of symptoms, functional visual loss in children can usually be treated with reassurance. We believe that psychiatric referral is not necessary for most patients. Sexual or physical abuse should be considered as a possible predisposing factor.
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PMID:Functional visual loss in children. 370 8

The clinical and pathological features of 11 Hereford calves with neuraxial oedema with and without hypomyelinogenesis are described. Calves were affected at birth, recumbent and showed intermittent extensor spasm and hyperaesthesia. Nystagmus was noted in six cases. Pathologically, vacuolation of the central nervous system was seen in all cases. In two calves of horned Hereford stock this was restricted to white matter areas, while in the remaining calves of polled Hereford origin it was distributed in both white and grey matter. Hypomyelinogenesis was also a feature of this latter group of calves.
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PMID:Neuraxial oedema of Hereford calves with and without hypomyelinogenesis. 395 66


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