Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028738 (nystagmus)
 7,431 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The botulinum A toxin inhibits the release of acethylcoline from the vesicles of presynaptic neuronal end plates. Its effect is a transient pharmacological neurectomy. The toxin is used more and more widespreadingly. It selectively inhibits certain muscles or groups of muscles. Its use is of outstanding importance in the treatment of blepharospasm, a disease possibly causing transient functional blindness. This blindness develops randomly, with undetermined duration, therefore it may even threaten the life of the patient. There is no alternative treatment. In ophthalmology, the toxin is used in the therapy of strabismus and nystagmus, as well as replacing entropion operations. Most often its use is suggested in the treatment of focal dystonies, dysphonia, tremor palatinus, dysphagia, spasm of the oesophagus sphincter muscle, nasal hypersecretion, hemifacial spasm, headaches, focal hyperhydrosis, proctalgia fugax, diabetic gastroparesis and difficulties in urination. In the past few years, the toxin has been used for esthetic reasons as well. By relaxing the muscles causing wrinkles, non-permanent result may be reached with its use. The botulinum A toxin does not have general side effects. As local side effects, haematomas and unwanted, transient paresis of the neighboring muscles can be mentioned.
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PMID:[Applications of the botulinum A toxin]. 1278 36

In patients with chronic nausea and/or vomiting, gastroparesis is frequently diagnosed, often on the basis of abnormal gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES). When typical treatments fail, patients may be referred to a referral center. This retrospective study evaluated the diagnoses made in patients referred for chronic nausea and vomiting and appraised the GES utilized to assess these patients. Records of outpatients referred for chronic nausea and vomiting over a 3-year period were analyzed for previous evaluation and treatment, subsequent investigation, and response to treatment. Of 248 patients referred for chronic nausea and vomiting, 156 (63%) were referred with a suspected diagnosis of gastroparesis. Of 102 GES available for review, 95 were done with nonstandardized methods. Repeat standardized testing was normal in 27 of 36 patients (75%). Only 28 patients (11%) had confirmed gastroparesis. The most common specific diagnosis in the entire group was chronic vestibular dysfunction (CVD, 64 patients, 26%) made by abnormal modified Fukuda stepping test, nystagmus, or abnormal Romberg test. CVD patients did not typically report a history of an inner-ear disorder or vertigo. Eighty-nine percent of CVD patients were given trials of antivertiginous medications; of the 39 followed for a median of 5 months, improvement occurred in two thirds. Diagnosis of gastroparesis should not be based on a nonstandardized GES. In our referred patients, gastroparesis was infrequent, while CVD was much more likely. Treatment for CVD may mitigate the nausea and vomiting.
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PMID:Chronic vestibular dysfunction as an unappreciated cause of chronic nausea and vomiting. 2275 17