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Query: UMLS:C0027960 (mole)
 21,279 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The conduction properties of the alkaline earth divalent cations were determined in the purified sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor channel after reconstitution into planar phospholipid bilayers. Under bi-ionic conditions there was little difference in permeability among Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Mg2+. However, there was a significant difference between the divalent cations and K+, with the divalent cations between 5.8- and 6.7-fold more permeant. Single-channel conductances were determined under symmetrical ionic conditions with 210 mM Ba2+ and Sr2+ and from the single-channel current-voltage relationship under bi-ionic conditions with 210 mM divalent cations and 210 mM K+. Single-channel conductance ranged from 202 pS for Ba2+ to 89 pS for Mg2+ and fell in the sequence Ba2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Mg2+. Near-maximal single-channel conductance is observed at concentrations as low as 2 mM Ba2+. Single-channel conductance and current measurements in mixtures of Ba(2+)-Mg2+ and Ba(2+)-Ca2+ reveal no anomalous behavior as the mole fraction of the ions is varied. The Ca(2+)-K+ reversal potential determined under bi-ionic conditions was independent of the absolute value of the ion concentrations. The data are compatible with the ryanodine receptor channel acting as a high conductance channel displaying moderate discrimination between divalent and monovalent cations. The channel behaves as though ion translocation occurs in single file with at most one ion able to occupy the conduction pathway at a time.
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PMID:Divalent cation conduction in the ryanodine receptor channel of sheep cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. 127 95

1. The ryanodine receptor protein of sheep cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes functions as a ligand-regulated ion channel following solubilization with the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1- propane sulphonate); purification by density gradient centrifugation, reconstitution into proteo-liposomes and incorporation into planar phospholipid bilayers. 2. In the absence of divalent cations, measurable conductance is observed with the group 1a cations and with some larger organic cations. In symmetric 210 mM solutions the following conductance sequence was determined: K+ greater than Rb+ = NH4+ greater than Na+ = Cs+ greater than Li+ much greater than Tris+. 3. Other organic cations, e.g. TEA+, do not produce measurable current under these conditions. 4. Single-channel conductance saturates with increasing ionic activities of K+, Na+ and Li+. Saturation curves are described by Michaelis-Menten kinetic schemes with the following values of maximal conductance and apparent dissociation constant: K+ 900 pS, 19.9 mM; Na+ 516 pS, 17.8 mM; Li+ 248 pS, 9.1 mM. 5. The channel displays only minor differences in permeability amongst the group 1a cations. Relative permeability, monitored under bi-ionic conditions, yields the following sequence: Na+, 1.15 greater than K+, 1.00 = Li+, 0.99 greater than Rb+, 0.87 greater than Cs+, 0.61. Under similar conditions the permeability ratio of NH4+ to K+ was found to be 1.32 and that for Tris+ to K+ was 0.22. 6. The K+ conductance is reduced by low concentrations of the impermeant cation TEA+. Block appears as a smooth reduction in single-channel current amplitude and the degree of block is dependent upon applied voltage. These observations are consistent with a single-site blocking scheme in which TEA+ has access to a site within the voltage drop of the channel from only the cytosolic face of the channel protein and interacts with a site located approximately 90% of the electrical distance across the channel. The zero-voltage dissociation constant for TEA+ block is 50 mM. 7. Single-channel conductance measurements in mixtures of K(+)-Na+ and K(+)-Li+ reveal no anomalous behaviour as the mole fraction of the ions is varied. 8. With monovalent cations as permeant species, the sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor protein functions as a poorly selective, ligand-regulated channel. Under the conditions described here the channel functions as a single-ion pore. It is proposed that discrimination is largely dependent upon the strength of interaction of the permeant ion with a binding site in the conduction pathway.
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PMID:Monovalent cation conductance in the ryanodine receptor-channel of sheep cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. 171 76

ADP-ribose (ADPR) was found to decrease the rate of Ca2+ release from isolated cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles, which was limited to a maximum of 46 +/- 8% inhibition and was in accordance with our results obtained with single cardiac ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channels (RyRC) incorporated into planar lipid bilayers: Out of 23 separate single channels, 9 responded to ADPR by a complete closure, while 14 channels showed no response at all, resulting in a reduction in overall open probability in the presence of ADPR (relative to control channels) by 39.7%. Although the ADPR-responsive and unresponsive single channels showed no differences in their respective open times, current amplitudes or relative occurrences of dwell levels, the bare existence of two types of response to ADPR together with the 50%-limited inhibition of cardiac SR Ca2+ release by ADPR indicates a heterogeneity of RyRCs in cardiac SR, which is likely due to protein(s) that interact(s) with the channel and are present in substoichiometric mole ratios.
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PMID:Heterogeneity of the cardiac calcium release channel as assessed by its response to ADP-ribose. 775 22

The conduction properties of inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (InsP3)-gated calcium (Ca) channels (InsP3R) from canine cerebellum for divalent cations and the regulation of the channels by intraluminal Ca were studied using channels reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers. Analysis of single-channel recordings performed with different divalent cations present at 55 mM on the trans (intraluminal) side of the membrane revealed that the current amplitude at 0 mV and the single-channel slope conductance fell in the sequence: Ba (2.2 pA, 85 pS) > Sr (2.0 pA, 77 pS) > Ca (1.4 pA, 53 pS) > Mg (1.1 pA, 42 pS). The mean open time of the InsP3R recorded with Ca (2.9 ms) was significantly shorter than with other divalent cations (approximately 5.5 ms). The "anomalous mole fraction effect" was not observed in mixtures of divalent cations (Mg and Ba), suggesting that these channels are single-ion pores. Measurements of InsP3R activity at different intraluminal Ca levels demonstrated that Ca in the submillimolar range did not potentiate channel activity, and that very high levels of intraluminal Ca (> or = 10 mM) decreased channel open probability 5-10-fold. When InsP3R were measured with Ba as a current carrier in the presence of 110 mM cis potassium, a PBa/PK of 6.3 was estimated from the extrapolated value for the reversal potential. When the unitary current through the InsP3R at 0 mV was measured as a function of the permeant ion (Ba) concentration, the half-maximal current occurred at 10 mM trans Ba. The following conclusions are drawn from these data: (a) the conduction properties of InsP3R are similar to the properties of the ryanodine receptor, another intracellular Ca channel, and differ dramatically from the properties of voltage-gated Ca channels of the plasma membrane. (b) The estimated size of the Ca current through the InsP3R under physiological conditions is 0.5 pA, approximately four times less than the Ca current through the ryanodine receptor. (c) The potentiation of InsP3R by intraluminal Ca in the submillimolar range remains controversial. (d) A quantitative model that explains the inhibitory effects of high trans Ca on InsP3R activity was developed and the kinetic parameters of InsP3R gating were determined.
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PMID:Inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (InsP3)-gated Ca channels from cerebellum: conduction properties for divalent cations and regulation by intraluminal calcium. 787 25

The sarcoplasmic reticulum channel (ryanodine receptor) from cardiac myocytes was reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers consisting of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) in varying ratios. The channel activity parameters, i.e., open probability and average open time and its resolved short and long components, were determined as a function of POPE mole fraction (X(PE)) at 22.4 degrees C. Interestingly, all of these parameters exhibited a narrow and pronounced peak at X(PE) approximately 0.80. Differential scanning calorimetric measurements on POPE/POPC liposomes with increasing X(PE) indicated that the lipid bilayer enters a composition-driven transition from the liquid-crystalline state to the gel state at 22.4 degrees C when X(PE) approaches 0.80. Thus, the peaking of the reconstituted channel activity at X(PE) approximately 0.80 in the planar bilayer could result from the appearance of gel/liquid-crystalline domain boundaries at this POPE content. Lipid packing at domain boundaries is known to be looser as compared to the homogenous gel or liquid-crystalline state. We propose that the attractive potential of packing defects at lipid domain boundaries and entropic excluded-volume effects could result in the direct interactions of the transmembrane region of the channel protein with the lipid-packing defects at the lipid/protein interface, which could thus provide a favorable environment for the open state of the protein. The present findings indicate that the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channel could be modulated by lipid domain formation upon slight changes in membrane lipid composition in vivo.
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PMID:Regulation of calcium channel activity by lipid domain formation in planar lipid bilayers. 1288 40

Biological ion channels are proteins that passively conduct ions across membranes that are otherwise impermeable to ions. Here, we present a model of ion permeation and selectivity through a single, open ryanodine receptor (RyR) ion channel. Combining recent mutation data with electrodiffusion of finite-sized ions, the model reproduces the current/voltage curves of cardiac RyR (RyR2) in KCl, LiCl, NaCl, RbCl, CsCl, CaCl(2), MgCl(2), and their mixtures over large concentrations and applied voltage ranges. It also reproduces the reduced K(+) conductances and Ca(2+) selectivity of two skeletal muscle RyR (RyR1) mutants (D4899N and E4900Q). The model suggests that the selectivity filter of RyR contains the negatively charged residue D4899 that dominates the permeation and selectivity properties and gives RyR a DDDD locus similar to the EEEE locus of the L-type calcium channel. In contrast to previously applied barrier models, the current model describes RyR as a multi-ion channel with approximately three monovalent cations in the selectivity filter at all times. Reasons for the contradicting occupancy predictions are discussed. In addition, the model predicted an anomalous mole fraction effect for Na(+)/Cs(+) mixtures, which was later verified by experiment. Combining these results, the binding selectivity of RyR appears to be driven by the same charge/space competition mechanism of other highly charged channels.
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PMID:(De)constructing the ryanodine receptor: modeling ion permeation and selectivity of the calcium release channel. 1685 78

The origin of the anomalous mole fraction effect (AMFE) in calcium channels is explored with a model of the ryanodine receptor. This model predicted and experiments verified new AMFEs in the cardiac isoform. In mole fraction experiments, conductance is measured in mixtures of ion species X and Y as their relative amounts (mole fractions) vary. This curve can have a minimum (an AMFE). The traditional interpretation of the AMFE is that multiple interacting ions move through the pore in a single file. Mole fraction curves without minima (no AMFEs) are generally interpreted as X displacing Y from the pore in a proportion larger than its bath mole fraction (preferential selectivity). We find that the AMFE is also caused by preferential selectivity of X over Y, if X and Y have similar conductances. This is a prediction applicable to any channel and provides a fundamentally different explanation of the AMFE that does not require single filing or multiple occupancy: preferential selectivity causes the resistances to current flow in the baths, channel vestibules, and selectivity filter to change differently with mole fraction, and produce the AMFE.
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PMID:Reinterpreting the anomalous mole fraction effect: the ryanodine receptor case study. 1984 53