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Query: UMLS:C0027960 (mole)
 21,279 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The effect of somatostatin on the responses to moderate insulin hypoglycaemia and to 2-deoxyglucose has been examined in 2--3 week-old calves with cut splanchnic nerves. 2. Intravenous infusions of somatostatin (150 p-mole . kg-1 . min-1) completely suppressed release of glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and insulin from the pancreas in response to 2-deoxyglucose (1.1 m-mole/kg I.V.). 3. The same dose of somatostatin completely blocked the rise in plasma PP concentration that normally occurs in response to moderate insulin hypoglycaemia and significantly delayed the rise in plasma pancreatic glucagon concentration. The hypoglycaemic response to insulin was also found to be intensified by the administration of somatostatin. 4. It is concluded that each of the pancreatic neuroendocrine responses, that are now known to be mediated via the parasympathetic innervation, is suppressed in the presence of somatostatin in the young calf.
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PMID:The effect of somatostatin on pancreatic endocrine responses mediated via the parasympathetic innervation in the conscious calf. 611 66

1. The effects of autonomic stimulation on the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from the gastrointestinal tract have been investigated in adrenalectomized claves 2-5 weeks after birth.2. Stimulation of the peripheral ends of the splanchnic nerves (10 Hz for 10 min) caused a small fall in the concentration of VIP in portal and arterial plasma, together with a rise in the concentration in intestinal lymph. None of these changes achieved statistical significance.3. The effects of stimulation of the peripheral ends of the thoracic vagi, below the heart (10 Hz for 10 min), were found to depend in part upon the integrity of the splanchnic sympathetic innervation. A substantial rise in the concentration of VIP in intestinal lymph occurred whether or not the splanchnic nerves had been cut whereas an associated rise in arterial plasma VIP was only observed in calves in which the splanchnic nerves had been sectioned.4. The rise in the concentration of VIP in intestinal lymph, in response to vagal stimulation, was unaffected by concomitant stimulation of the splanchnic nerves, although the associated rise in arterial plasma VIP concentrations was suppressed. The response was also found to be resistant to atropine.5. The minimum estimated concentration of VIP in the extracellular fluid of the gastrointestinal tract was estimated to be about 60 p-mole/l. at rest and to rise by 70-120 p-mole/l. in response to vagal stimulation.6. Intravenous infusions of VIP at a dose of 50 ng kg(-1) min(-1) (16 p-mole kg(-1) min(-1)), which raised the minimum estimated concentration of VIP in the gastro-intestinal tract to the highest range encountered during stimulation, produced no significant changes in the concentrations of glucose, insulin, pancreatic glucagon or pancreatic polypeptide in the arterial plasma.7. It is concluded that a small amount of VIP is released from the gastrointestinal tract in response to vagal stimulation. In contrast, release of VIP is unaffected by stimulation of the splanchnic nerves except in so far as the rate at which the peptide passes into the circulation is reduced by adrenergic vasoconstriction.
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PMID:Effects of autonomic stimulation on the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide from the gastrointestinal tract in the calf. 699 67

Endocrine cell distribution within the islets of Langerhans may vary both between species and under different energetically demanding conditions such as cold acclimation. The naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber, lacking an effective insulatory pelage, is effectively a poikilotherm, yet it shows a typical mammalian cold-acclimation response by substantially increasing food intake to meet higher energy requirements when housed at lower temperatures. The endocrine component of the pancreas of thermoneutral and cold-acclimated naked mole-rats was thus characterized using immunocytochemistry and ultrastructural analyses. Four distinct endocrine cells were identified: alpha (glucagon-producing), beta (insulin-producing), delta (somatostatin-producing), and PP (pancreatic polypeptide-producing) cells. Distribution of these cells differed from that of other rodents, in that beta cells formed the mantle while alpha cells formed the core of the islets. This distribution may contribute to the observed insulin insensitivity of this species, as indicated in abnormal responses to glucose tolerance tests. Insulin-producing cells, however, were more numerous than glucagon-producing cells. This ratio was unchanged with cold acclimation. Immunoreactivity of alpha and beta cells was more intense in cold-acclimated than in thermoneutral animals, possibly indicative of a change in hormonal production in animals housed at a lower temperature.
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PMID:The pancreas of the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber): an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of the endocrine component of thermoneutral and cold acclimated animals. 1556 Aug 67