Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027960 (mole)
 21,279 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Radioactive sodium sulfide was used to label the sulfide pool of rumen contents in vitro. Microbial protein synthesis was calculated from the size and rate of dilution of label in the sulfide pool, and from the radioactivity incorporated into protein together with a conversion factor specifying the nitrogen-sulfur ratio determined for microbial protein. The microbial cell yield, calculated on the basis of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) available from fermentation, was 13 to 14 g (dry weight) per mole of ATP, which is in good agreement with the values obtained for pure cultures of bacteria. Calculation of microbial protein yield per kilogram of ration agreed fairly well with previous estimates for similar rations.
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PMID:Method for measuring microbial growth in rumen content. 567 2

1. The mucopeptide component of wall preparations from Bacillus licheniformis was obtained in soluble form by treatment of the acid-insoluble residue of walls with lysozyme. 2. The soluble mucopeptide contains glutamic acid, diaminopimelic acid, alanine, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in the molecular proportions 1.0:1.0:1.6:0.8:0.7. In addition approx. 1 mole of amide/mole of glutamic acid is present. Essentially all of the dry weight and nitrogen content of soluble mucopeptide is accounted for by these constituents. 3. The optical configurations of the amino acids were determined. Approx. 0.6 mole of d-alanine and 1.0 mole of l-alanine are present/mole of glutamic acid. 4. The structures of several small peptides derived from soluble mucopeptide after mild acid hydrolysis were established. 5. The structure of soluble mucopeptide from B. licheniformis is discussed on the basis of these results together with data on the number of free amino groups present in soluble mucopeptide.
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PMID:The cell wall of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346. Composition of the mucopeptide component. 572 70

1. The cell-wall composition of Aspergillus niger has been investigated. Analysis shows the presence of six sugars, glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, glucosamine and galactosamine, all in the d-configuration, except that a small amount of l-galactose may be present. Sixteen common amino acids are also present. 2. The wall consists chiefly of neutral carbohydrate (73-83%) and hexosamine (9-13%), with smaller amounts of lipid (2-7%), protein (0.5-2.5%) and phosphorus (less than 0.1%). The acetyl content (3.0-3.4%) corresponds to 1.0mole/mole of hexosamine nitrogen. 3. A fractionation of the cell-wall complex was achieved, with or without a preliminary phenol extraction, by using n-sodium hydroxide. Though this caused some degradation, 30-60% of the wall could be solubilized (depending on the preparation). Analyses on several fractions suggest that fractionation procedures bring about some separation of components although not in a clear-cut fashion. 4. Cell-wall preparations were shown to yield a fraction having [alpha](D) approx. +240 degrees (in n-sodium hydroxide) and consisting largely of glucose. This was separated into two subfractions, one of which had [alpha](D)+281 degrees (in n-sodium hydroxide) and had properties resembling the polysaccharide nigeran; the other had [alpha](D) +231 degrees (in n-sodium hydroxide). It is suggested that nigeran is a cell-wall component.
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PMID:The composition of the cell wall of Aspergillus niger. 586 4

Conventional methods of assessing adequate nutrition in children may be inaccurate or change too slowly to be helpful during acute illness. Techniques to measure protein synthesis or breakdown provide more accurate information. Three-methylhistidine (3MH), an unusual amino acid found in actin and myosin, is not further metabolized and is quantitatively excreted following muscle degradation. Urinary excretion of 3MH has, therefore, been proposed as a marker of protein catabolism. The ratio of 3MH to creatinine in 24-hr urine collectons was studied in 14 healthy or stressed premature infants, and compared to nitrogen balance (N bal), caloric intake and clinical course. There is a significant inverse correlation between 3MH/Cr ratio and N Bal (R = -.507). The mean 3MH/Cr ratio was 0.140 +/- 0.037 mu mole/mg (n = 37) in healthy growing premature infants and 0.296 +/- 0.160 (n = 26) in infants who were stressed and/or had inadequate nutrient intake. Healthy growing infants almost invariably had a ratio below 0.200. Serial determinations in three infants consistently showed a rise in the ratio to above 0.200 during periods of stress or decreased intake. The 3MH/Cr ratio may be a more sensitive indicator of metabolic status and may be useful clinically, especially in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition.
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PMID:Urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion and nitrogen balance in healthy and stressed premature infants. 677 77

The interactions in mixed monolayers between distearoyl-L-phosphatidylethanolamine, natural phosphatidylethanolamine purified from bovine rod outer segments and all-trans retinal have been studied at the nitrogen/water interface at 21.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Seven mixtures of each phospholipid with all-trans retinal, covering the whole range of molar fractions, were studied. The monolayers were spread on a 1 X 10(-3) M phosphate buffer subphase at three different pH values, 5.5, 7.1 and 8.2. The results for the two series of mixtures are strikingly different. The surface phase rule shows that all-trans retinal is miscible with the natural phospholipid at the interface. Small, negative deviations with respect to the additivity rule are observed in this case. The excess free energies of mixing were also calculated as a function of concentration for this system at four different surface pressures, 5, 7, 10 and 13 mN X m-1. They are negative for the four surface pressures considered and symmetrical with respect to the mole fraction. On the other hand, when distearoyl-L-phosphatidylethanolamine is mixed with all-trans retinal, the components are no longer miscible at the interface. This marked difference in behaviour between the two lipids reflects the importance of hydrophobic interactions in the mixed monolayers of phospholipids with retinals. Furthermore, for the two series of mixtures, the surface pressure isotherms do not show any significant shift when the subphase pH is changed from 5.5 to 8.2. This behaviour raises questions about the formation of a Schiff base between phosphatidylethanolamine and retinal at the interface. It is suggested that, owing to the nature of the disk membranes, such an effect would also be observed in vivo. The possible implications of this are discussed, particularly with respect to questions pertaining to the stability of the retinal chromophore.
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PMID:Interactions in mixed monolayers between distearoyl-L-phosphatidylethanolamine, rod outer segment phosphatidylethanolamine and all-trans retinal. Effect of pH. 684 5

By using classical potential functions, nonbound interaction energy calculations are carried out on the deoxydinucleoside phosphate complexes dUpdA:dUpdG and dUpdU:dGpdA. All dihedral and bond angles, except those of the nitrogen bases, are varied. On the basis of the calculations possible conformations of nucleic acid fragments containing G:U base pair are proposed. Dihedral angles of the conformations are close to those of regular Watson-Crick helices while interaction energies are 3-4 kcal/mole higher than that of A:U containing fragment conformations.
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PMID:[Possible conformations of nucleic acid fragments containing the base pair guanine:uracil]. 707 58

A simple, rapid, and almost quantitative technique is described for the preparation of 1-40 ml of homogeneous unilamellar liposomes from dilute or concentrated aqueous suspensions of egg phosphatidylcholine. Aqueous suspensions of lipid are placed with the chamber of a French pressure cell at room temperature and rapidly extruded at 20,000 psi through the small orifice. A single pass transforms more than 70% of the extruded lipid into a homogeneous population of single-wall bilayer vesicles; more than 90% is transformed by recycling the lipid through the French pressure cell. About 95% of these liposomes range between 150-300 A in diameter (mean 200 A). The liposomes are stable for days to months when stored under nitrogen at 0.4 degrees C and can be prepared at 0 degrees, 25 degrees, or 37 degrees C. The liposomes appeared unaltered by repeated passages through the French pressure cell and no degradation of the phospholipid was detected after ten consecutive cycles at 20,000 psi in the absence of a nitrogen atmosphere. The method is especially useful for trapping small molecular weight substances because the concentration of both lipid and solute can be made quite high. Cholesterol up to 45 mole % can be incorporated into larger liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine (mean diameter 315 A). Other phospholipids and different lipid mixtures can also be transformed into unilamellar vesicles with this method which has the advantage that additional steps of ultracentrifugation, column chromatography, dialysis, and concentrating procedures are usually unnecessary. Multilayered liposomes of small size (980 A mean diameter; > 95% between 500-1,500 A) are produced at lower pressure (3,000 psi). The latter are separated by gel permeation chromatography from a second population of homogeneous vesicles of even smaller size (580 A mean diameter; > 95% between 300-900 A) that contain two bilayer shells.
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PMID:Unilamellar liposomes made with the French pressure cell: a simple preparative and semiquantitative technique. 719 33

Administration of ambilhar or its N-acetyl derivative to rabbits resulted in a significant increase in urinary iron excretion, due to chelation. Substitution of the sulphur of thiazole by nitrogen abolished its metal chelating power. In vitro three different iron chelates were obtained, containing one or two iron atoms per mole of drug. However, in vivo studies revealed the presence of an ambilhar iron complex in which 6 molecules of the drug were chelated with one iron atom. Reduction is an important factor in the process of metal chelation by the thiazole sulphur of the drug.
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PMID:Role of the thiazolyl sulphur of ambilhar as an electron donor in metal chelation. 731 Mar 27

A mixed microbial culture capable of metabolizing the explosive RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) was obtained from soil enrichments under aerobic and nitrogen-limiting conditions. A bacterium, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia PB1, isolated from the culture used RDX as a sole source of nitrogen for growth. Three moles of nitrogen was used per mole of RDX, yielding a metabolite identified by mass spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis as methylene-N-(hydroxymethyl)-hydroxylamine-N'-(hydroxymethyl)nitroamin e. The bacterium also used s-triazine as a sole source of nitrogen but not the structurally similar compounds octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, cyanuric acid, and melamine. An inducible RDX-degrading activity was present in crude cell extracts.
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PMID:Degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia PB1. 774 53

Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT; EC 2.6.1.2) was purified to homogeneity from Candida maltosa that was grown on L-alanine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 99kDa and consists of two subunits of equal molecular mass (52 kDa). Each subunit binds one mole of PLP. The enzyme has an isoelectric point of 5.3 and an optimum pH of 6.0-7.5. The spectroscopic profile and an inhibition experiment showed that both PLP and free-SH groups are directly involved in the enzymatic catalysis. In the N-terminal region of the enzyme, the consensus sequence (five amino acids) that commonly appears in mammalian and higher plant enzymes is present. Compared with mammalian enzyme, the Candida AlaAT is heat-sensitive and a little looser in substrate specificity, and its affinity towards L-alanine is high.
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PMID:Purification and some properties of alanine aminotransferase from Candida maltosa. 776 40


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