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Query: UMLS:C0027960 (mole)
 21,279 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A two-year-old boy with a malignant tumor of the brain (medulloblastoma) excreted large amounts of thymine and uracil in his urine. The excretion was related to progress and regress of the disease, and reached a maximum of 3.0 mol of thymine per mole of creatinine and 2.6 mol of uracil per mole of creatinine. The excretion by 20 apparently normal children was less than 0.01 mol/mol of creatinine for each of the two pyrimidines. Three children with brain tumors, two with leukemias, and one with neuroblastoma were also studied; two of them had a moderate increase in urinary pyrimidine excretion, but only up to 0.07 mol/mol of creatinine. The activity of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.3.1.2) in cultured fibroblasts from the patient was somewhat lower than in control fibroblasts. The tumor was considered to be the likely cause of the increased excretion of pyrimidines, but an impaired degradation of pyrimidines in the liver could not be ruled out.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of thymine and uracil in a two-year-old child with a malignant tumor of the brain. 28 71

1. A method of measuring the permeability of the pancreas by determining the apparent reflexion coefficient (sigmaA) is described, in the isolated pancreas secreting maximally under the influence of secretin. The principle is to add a non-electrolyte to the perfusate which will create an osmotic gradient (RTsigmadeltaC) counter to that of active transport and reduce the secretion rate. This is compared with the effect of an equal concentration (0.1 M) of sucrose (RTdeltaC; sigma = 1). The apparent reflection coefficient is obtained by dividing the percentage reduction in the secretion rate due to the test molecule with that due to sucrose. 2. Sucrose when added to the perfusate inhibits pancreatic secretion. For every 10 mM increase in sucrose concentration, the secretion rate was inhibited by 7.1%. It has been estimated that an osmotic gradient of 131 m-osmole/kg water will cause zero flow rate. This is a measure of the pressure required to counteract the local osmotic gradient set up by active transport, it is equivalent to about 3.4 atm. 3. Non-electrolytes with molecular volumes greater than about 85 cm3 mole-1 are relatively impermeable, below this value they enter the pancreatic juice with increasing ease as the molecular volume decreases. 4. SigmaA for a number of compounds has been measured: urea 0.17; ethanediol 0.27; thiourea 0.51; glycerol 0.69; creatinine 0.81; erythritol 0.91; arabinose 0.96; xylose 0.98; sorbitol 0.98. 5. The addition of non-electrolytes to the perfusate had effects on pancreatic secretion which were a function of sigmaA. For molecules with sigmaA lying between 0.81 and 1.0 an osmotic load of 0.1 M increased both the concentration of sodium plus potassium and the concentration of chloride plus bicarbonate by about 50 m-mole/l. Whereas the cation change is almost exclusively one of sodium that of the anions was preferentially an increase in chloride. For compounds with sigmaA lying between 0 and 0.81 the concentration of sodium plus potassium was proportional to sigmaA. 6. A number of compounds have been described which inhibit pancreatic secretion, other than by an osmotic effect. These include acetaldehyde, thioglycerol, nicotinamide, ribose, dihydroxyacetone, and glyceraldehyde. 7. It is concluded that the pancreas is more permeable than the gall-bladder of rabbit, fish and bullfrog, the proximal tubule of the kidney of rat and the small intestine of bullfrog, but is probably similar to that of small intestine of guinea-pig and man.
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PMID:The permeability of the secretin stimulated exocrine pancreas to non-electrolytes. 65 May 9

The urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, oxalate, creatinine, phosphate and urate was investigated in patients with urolithiasis and in normal subjects. The excretion of oxalate and urate per mole creatinine and the quotients calcium/magnesium, calcium X oxalate/magnesium and calcium X oxalate/(magnesium X creatinine) were significantly higher in stone formers than in normal subjects. The mean creatinine-correlated urinary excretion of calcium was higher and of magnesium lower in patients with urolithiasis, but the differences were statistically not significant. The urine investigation was supplemented with analysis of calcium, magnesium, creatinine, urate, bicarbonate and chloride in serum and a qualitative analysis of stone composition. A simple schedule for a biochemical grouping of patients with urolithiasis is presented and on the basis of the analytical findings it was possible to classify 67% of patients with so-called 'idiopathic stone disease' according to these principles.
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PMID:A biochemical basis for grouping of patients with urolithiasis. 66 34

Urinary taurine excretion increases markedly when excess taurine is consumed. Experiments were designed to characterize this response in an attempt to develop an assay system for taurine bioavailability in common cat foods using an adult cat model. Initial studies investigated the time course of changes in urinary taurine excretion in response to alterations in taurine intake. The rate of urinary taurine excretion decreased rapidly when cats were switched from a casein diet supplemented with 0.2% crystalline taurine to a diet containing no supplemental taurine, reaching steady-state in 2 d. In contrast, urinary taurine excretion by cats switched from low to high taurine did not plateau until 6 to 7 d. Subsequently, cats (n = 18) were fed a casein diet containing graded levels of crystalline taurine (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 or 0.20%). After a 7-d adjustment period, urinary taurine excretion was quantified over a 5-d collection period and also by cystocentesis, and blood taurine levels were measured on d 6. Plasma taurine increased linearly (r = 0.88) as taurine intake increased, while whole-blood taurine increased asymptotically, reaching 95% of maximum concentration at a taurine intake of 93 mu mole/(kg body weight.d). The rate of urinary taurine excretion increased only slightly as taurine intakes increased to 96 mu mol/(kg body weight.d), but increased markedly (15-fold) thereafter. The same pattern was observed whether urinary taurine excretion was expressed as mu mole/(kg body weight.d) from total urine collection or as mu mole/g creatinine from cystocentesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Urinary excretion of taurine as a function of taurine intake: potential for estimating taurine bioavailability in the adult cat. 150 65

The damara mole rat, Cryptomys damarensis, is a strictly subterranean dwelling herbivorous rodent that in its natural habitat has no access to any obvious source of cholecalciferol (D3). We examined the effects of D3 supplementation, at physiological and supraphysiological doses, on calcium metabolism, plasma concentrations of calcium and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and D3 metabolites. Animals not receiving a D3 supplement maintained normal plasma calcium concentrations. In addition, they exhibited a high apparent fractional mineral absorption efficiency (91%) and maintained a positive mineral flux. The serum concentration of 25-(OH)D3 was undetectable (less than 5 nmol/l) and that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was 41 +/- 10 pmol/l. Supplementation at a physiological dose of D3 resulted in increased plasma concentrations of D3 metabolites, food intake, apparent fractional absorption efficiency and apparent fractional retention efficiency. Despite the 1.8-fold increase in food intake, body mass remained constant suggesting that the enhanced energy intake was dissipated in catabolic processes. Plasma calcium and ALP concentrations were not significantly altered with physiological doses of D3. The group given supraphysiological doses of D3 exhibited hypercalcaemia, increased creatinine concentrations and markedly increased ALP levels. These data indicate that a pathological response to D3 intoxication occurred and that hepatic and renal excretory functions were impaired. It appears, therefore, that these animals function optimally at the low concentrations of D3 metabolites found naturally. Supplementation at both physiological and supraphysiological doses of D3 may disadvantage the damara mole rat.
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PMID:Effect of oral cholecalciferol supplementation at physiological and supraphysiological doses in naturally vitamin D3-deficient subterranean damara mole rats (Cryptomys damarensis). 166 May 17

The administration of dimethyl sulfoxide with cisplatin at a mole ratio of 200:1 results in a considerable reduction in the nephrotoxicity produced when cisplatin alone is administered to Sprague-Dawley rats at 7.5 mg/kg. Observed measures of nephrotoxicity which were significantly improved by the coadministration of cisplatin and DMSO over the values found for cisplatin alone include BUN, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and histopathological evidence of renal damage. The weight loss associated with cisplatin administration was also significantly reduced by DMSO coadministration. The use of DMSO did not result in any observable loss in antitumor activity of cisplatin against the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma.
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PMID:Coadministration of dimethyl sulfoxide reduces cisplatin nephrotoxicity. 176 65

Eight male naked mole-rats, from three colonies were studied in captivity. When non-breeding male naked mole-rats were removed from their colonies and paired with a non-breeding female, or removed and housed singly for 6 weeks before pairing with a female, concentrations of urinary testosterone and plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) increased significantly (P less than 0.05). Concentration of these hormones were highest while the males were singly housed: urinary testosterone (mean +/- s.e.m.) increased from 8.2 +/- 1.3 ng/mg urinary creatinine (Cr) in a non-breeder in a colony to 49.1 +/- 5.5 ng/mg Cr when singly housed and 21.8 +/- 2.5 ng/mg Cr when paired with a female. Plasma LH concentrations increased from 4.7 +/- 1.0 miu/ml when a non-breeder in a colony to 19.8 +/- 4.0 miu/ml when singly housed and 9.9 +/- 1.1 miu/ml when paired with a female. After pairing with a female, the pattern of urinary testosterone secretion in the male was synchronized with the ovarian cycle of the female mate, such that urinary testosterone concentrations were significantly higher during the early follicular phase of the female's cycle (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that active suppression of reproductive physiology by social cues occurs in non-breeding male naked mole-rats, and that this is readily reversible if social cues are removed and males are housed singly. When a male was subsequently paired with a female, endocrine suppression was partially reimposed on the reproductively active males, such that urinary testosterone concentrations were suppressed to values similar to those in non-breeding males, except for periods prior to mating.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Social control of reproduction in breeding and non-breeding male naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber). 178 62

The urinary excretion of chromium, copper and manganese was determined in 185 diabetics and in an equal number of control subjects by measuring the concentration of each of these metals using electrothermal atomic spectrophotometry and dividing the values by the urinary concentration of creatinine (creat) in each subject. The mean (SEM) values for the overall diabetics and the control group were 2.32 (0.17) and 2.62 (0.22) mumol Cr/mole of creat, 76.5 (5.5) and 73.9 (6.1) mumol Cu/mole of creat, and 3.56 (0.44) and 2.66 (0.3) mumol Mn/mole of creat, respectively. There was no correlation between the urinary excretion of any of the metals examined and age or sex of either group. While the cardiovascular or ophthalmologic diseases associated with diabetes did not influence the excretion of any of these metals, significantly higher urinary excretion of Cu was exhibited by diabetics with neuropathy (p < 0.0027) or infections (p < 0.014) than by those without. Also, diabetics with liver disorders or those who were not treated with insulin excreted significantly more Mn than did their diabetic counterparts.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of chromium, copper, and manganese in diabetes mellitus and associated disorders. 184 23

Smokeless tobacco habits are associated with a high incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in India. Hence, the biological effects of occupational exposure to smokeless tobacco used for making bidis (the Indian version of cigarettes) were studied in 2 groups of bidi rollers designated BR-K and BR-S and in control subjects with no tobacco habits. Specific tobacco exposure and the electrophilic burden were determined by estimating urinary cotinine and thioethers respectively. Urine mutagenicity was tested with the Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. While cotinine was not detected in control samples, the mean cotinine levels (mmole/mole creatinine) in the BR-K and BR-S groups were 0.79 +/- 0.30 and 0.09 +/- 0.03 respectively. Urinary thioether excretion (mmole/mole creatinine) was significantly elevated in the BR-S group 4.59 +/- 0.52; p less than 0.001) but it was lower in the BR-K group (0.54 +/- 0.08; p less than 0.001) compared to the control (1.83 +/- 0.34). Furthermore, beta-glucuronidase-treated samples from both groups of bidi rollers exhibited increased mutagenicity to TA98 compared to the control group; in addition, BR-S samples exhibited direct mutagenicity to TA98. The results show that occupational tobacco exposure modulates the glutathione conjugation pathway and increases the mutagenic burden of bidi rollers.
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PMID:Biological monitoring of bidi rollers with respect to genotoxic hazards of occupational tobacco exposure. 192 57

Post-partum involution of the bovine uterus was assessed by clinical examination and monitored biochemically by measuring the total urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and the collagen cross-link, pyridinoline. Uterine tissue contained 0.13 +/- 0.04 residues of pyridinoline per mole of collagen and negligible (less than 0.005 residues/mole) deoxypyridinoline. The pyridinoline/creatinine ratio was found to be a clearer and more reliable indicator of uterine resorption than the hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio. The amount of collagen cross-link excreted above baseline was equivalent to the amount of cross-link estimated to have been accumulated during pregnancy. Maximal excretion of pyridinoline occurred at day 6 and returned to baseline values in 2-3 weeks after parturition. An electron microscope study during the period of peak resorption revealed macrophage-like cells apparently engulfing or containing collagenous material, indicating phagocytic removal of the connective tissue.
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PMID:Uterine collagen during involution in cattle. 207 77


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