Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027960 (mole)
 21,279 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Yeast microbodies containing FAD-dependent alcohol oxidase, catalase and D-amino acid oxidase were isolated from methanol-grown cells of Kloeckera sp. 2201 and immobilized intact in matrices formed by a short-time illumination of photo-crosslinkable resin oligomers. The relative activities of catalase, alcohol oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase of the gel-entrapped microbodies were 36, 76 and 31% respectively as compared with those of free microbodies. Immobilization enhance d the stability of catalase to a certain degree, but not that of alcohol oxidase. The pH/activity profiles of catalase and alcohol oxidase of the entrapped organelles showed more narrow pH optima than those of the free counterparts. D-Amino acid oxidase in immobilized microbodies showed a somewhat higher Km value for D-alanine than that in free ones. Immobilized microbodies oxidized two moles of methanol to form two moles of formaldehyde with consumption of one mole of molecular oxygen. Addition of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, an inhibitor of catalase, reduced the formation of formaldehyde to half the amount without change in the amount of oxygen consumed, indicating the synergic action of alcohol oxidase and catalase in methanol oxidation in the microbodies of living yeast cells.
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PMID:Immobilization of yeast microbodies by inclusion with photo-crosslinkable resins. 2 91

Angiotensin-converting enzyme has been solubilized from a particulate fraction of rabbit lung and purified to apparent homogeneity in 11% yield by a procedure including fractionation with DEAE-cellulose and calcium phosphate gel, elution from Sephadex G-200, and lectin affinity chromatography. The molecular weight estimated by equilibrium sedimentation was approximately 129,000, either in the absence or presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. A slightly higher value of 140,000 determined for the reduced, denatured protein by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and a much higher figure derived from gel filtration are probably due to the glycoprotein nature of the enzyme. Its oligosaccharide content accounted for 26% of the weight calculated from its amino acid and carbohydrate composition. The estimated content of sugar residues per mole was: galactose, 57; N-acetylglucosamine, 53; mannose, 43; N-acetylneuraminic acid, 19; and fucose, 4. Threonine and alanine were identified, respectively, as NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal residues by the dansylation procedure and by digestion with carboxypeptidase A. The enzyme was found to contain approximately 1 g atom of zinc per mol. Km values for hydrolysis of hippurylhistidylleucine and angiotensin I were 2.3 and 0.07 mM, and the corresponding turnover numbers were 15,430 and 792 mol/min/mol at 37 degrees. Bradykinin was also a substrate, and release of its COOH-terminal dipeptide, Phe-Arg, was catalyzed at a comparable rate to that of His-Leu from the COOH terminus of angiotensin I. Enzyme activity required the presence of chloride ions and was inhibited by EDTA and by low concentrations of Bothrops bradykinin-potentiating peptides. In addition, hydrolysis of hippurylhistidylleucine was inhibited competitively by other defined peptides, including di- and tripeptides, which were not substrates.
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PMID:Pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme. Structural and catalytic properties. 16 57

Inhibitor-1 is a protein which inhibits phosphorylase phosphatase only when it has been phosphorylated by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase [Huang, F. L. and Glinsmann, W. H. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 70, 419--426]. Inhibitor-1 was purified by a heat treatment at 90 degrees C, precipitation with ammonium sulphate, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and finally rechromatography of the phosphorylated protein on DEAE-cellulose, The protein was purified 4000-fold and 1.5 mg per 1000 g muscle was obtained in seven days corresponding to an overall yield of 15-20%. The purified protein was in a state approaching homogeneity as judged by the criteria of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analysis. The concentration of inhibitor-1 in vivo was calculated to be 1.5 micron, which is at least as high as the concentration of phosphorylase phosphatase. The amino acid composition of inhibitor-1 showed several unusual features. Glutamic acid and proline accounted for nearly one third of the residues, tyrosine, tryptophan and cysteine were absent, and the content of aromatic amino acids was very low. The molecular weight measured by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation was 19200 and by amino acid analysis was 20800. These values were lower than the mol. wt 26000 determined empirically by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, and much lower than the apparent molecular weight of 60000 estimated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The gel filtration behaviour, stability to heating at 100 degrees C and amino acid composition suggest that inhibitor-1 may possess little ordered structure. The phosphorylated from of inhibitor-1 contained close to one molecule of covalently bound phosphate per mole of protein, which is consistent with the previous finding of a unique decapeptide sequence at the site of phosphorylation, Ile-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Pro-Thr(P)-Pro-Ala-Thr- [Cohen, P., Rylatt, D. B. and Nimmo, G. A. (1977) FEBS Lett. 76, 182-186].the phosphorylated form of inhibitor-1 inhibited phosphorylase phosphatase activity (0.02U) by 50% at a concentration of only 7.0 nM in the standard assay, but the phosphorylated decapeptide was 1000-2000 times less effective as an inhibitor.
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PMID:The regulation of glycogen metabolism. Purification and characterisation of protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 from rabbit skeletal muscle. 20 44

Methods are described for the covalent attachment of succinoyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-ValCH2Cl, an active site-directed inhibitor of human leukocyte elastase (EC 3.4.21.11), to microspheres of human albumin. The insertion of side arms of various lengths revealed that maximum inhibition of this enzyme was obtained when the spacer arm was at least 24.3 A in length. Approximately 30 molecules of the inhibitor could be attached to each molecule of albumin. Such derivatized microspheres were capable of inhibiting approximately one mole of elastase per mole of albumin, which is comparable to the inhibitory activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Experiments in vivo in which rats were injected intravenously with radiolabeled microspheres to which the inhibitor had been attached showed a rapid and exclusive uptake by the lungs. About 40--50% of the injected microspheres subsequently remained in the lungs with a half-life of approximately 17 days. These derivatized microspheres thus appear to offer promise as a therapeutic agent for emphysema.
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PMID:Albumin microspheres as carrier of an inhibitor of leukocyte elastase: potential therapeutic agent for emphysema. 28 51

A glucose-binding glycoprotein (GBP) from the periplasm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular sieve chromatography, and double-diffusion gel precipitation. It had an average molecular weight of 44,500 and an isoelectric point of 4.7. One mole of glucose was bound per mole of GBP with a dissociation constant of 0.35 muM. The binding of radioactive glucose by GBP was not significantly inhibited by 10-fold-higher concentrations of other carbohydrates; however, a number of related compounds were found to compete at 100-fold-higher concentrations. Amino acid analyses revealed predominant amounts of alanine, glutamate, and glycine and a low content of sulfur-containing amino acids. The carbohydrate moiety of GBP, comprising nearly 16% of the total weight, contained galactosamine, glucosamine, fucose, galactose, glucose, and mannose. A GBP-deficient mutant, strain MB723, was found to be defective in both membrane transport and glucose chemotaxis. Strain MB724, a revertant to GBP-positive phenotype, simultaneously recovered normal levels of both membrane functions.
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PMID:Purification and properties of the periplasmic glucose-binding protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 40 16

1. The influx of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) into isolated rat superior cervical ganglia has been measured by radioassay, supplemented by autoradiography. Ganglia were incubated in oxygenated Krebs solution at 25 degrees C, containing 10 microM-amino-oxyacetic acid. Under these conditions more than 95% of accumulated tritium was unmetabolized [3H]GABA. 2. Ganglionic radioactivity increased linearly with incubation time, to yield an intracellular fluid/extracellular fluid concentration ratio (Ci/Co) of about 200 after 6 hr in 0.5 microM-external [3H]GABA. 3. Uptake showed saturation with an apparent transport constant (KT) of 6.8 microM and maximum influx velocity (Jmaxi) of 7 mumole 1. cell fluid-1- min-1. 4. The influx rate at Co = 0.5 microM was unaltered by raising intracellular GABA from 0.2 to 1 mM. 5. Influx velocity increased with temperature (5--35 degrees C) in a monotonic manner with an apparent activation energy of 14 kcal mole-1. 6. Concentrative uptake was depressed by reducing external [Na+] with ouabain, by raising [K+]o above 20 mM, or by removing external Cl-. Uptake was not particularly sensitive to Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions. 7. Utake of [3H]GABA (0.5 microM) was inhibited by beta-guanidinopropionic acid (apparent KI, 28 microM), beta-alanine (KI, 55 microM), gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (KI, 220 microM), beta-amino-n-butyric acid (KI, 708 microM), 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid (KI, 832 microM) and taurine (KI greater than 1 mM). Uptake was not depressed by 1 mM-glycine, alpha-alanine, leucine, serine, methionine or alpha-amino-iso-butyric acid. 8. Radioactively labelled methionine, leucine, glycine, serine, beta-alanine and taurine (concentrations less than or equal to 5 microM) were also taken up by ganglia. Of these, only uptake of beta-alanine and taurine were significantly depressed by 1 mM-GABA. 9. Autoradiographs confirmed that [3H]GABA and [3H] beta-alanine were taken up predominantly into extraneuronal sites (presumed to be neuroglial cells). Methionine, leucine, glycine and serine showed preferential accumulation in neurones. Neuronal uptake of leucine was not prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis. 10. Calculations of net fluxes from unidirectional tracer fluxes suggest that the sympathetic glial cells are capable of promoting net uptake of GABA at external concentrations above 1 microM.
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PMID:[3H]gamma-Aminobutyric acid uptake into neuroglial cells of rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglia. 50 28

The ATP-energy transducing system in membranes of Escherichia coli is inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The protein component of this complex with which carbodiimides covalently react to inhibit function was previously identified by labeling wild type and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-resistant mutants with dicyclohexyl[14C]carbodiimide (Fillingame, R. H. (1975) J. Bacteriol. 124, 870-883). This specific carbodiimide-reactive protein has now been purified. The protein was extracted from the membrane with chloroform:methanol and chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxypropyl Spehadex G-50 in this sulvent mixture. The resultant 700-fold purification yielded a protein that was homogeneous on dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and virtually free of phospholipid. It remained soluble in neutral chloroform:methanol throughout the purification procedure. The amino acid composition of the purified protein was extraordinary in that only 16% of the amino acids present could be considered polar. Histidine, serine, cysteine, and tryptophan were not found. Abnormally high contents of methionine, glycine, alanine, and leucine were present. One mole of lysine and threonine were found/mole of dicyclohexyl[14C]carbodiimide bound. The minimum molecular weight based on the amino acid composition was 8400. The specific carbodiimide-reactive protein has also been purified without prior modification by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The unmodified protein eluted from DEAE-cellulose at a higher salt concentration than the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-modified form, which suggested that the reaction with the carbodiimide neutralized the negative charge. Only one-third of the total carbodiimide-reactive protein in the membrane was modified by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide under conditions which maximally inhibited adenosine triphosphatase activity. These results rais the possibility that the carbodiimide-reactive protein may be present as an oligomer in the energy-transducing complex. The purification of the unmodified carbodiimide-reactive protein should permit assessment of tis biological function, particularly its role in the protein-translocation process that is catalyzed by this energy-transducing complex.
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PMID:Purification of the carbodiimide-reactive protein component of the ATP energy-transducing system of Escherichia coli. 78 71

An acidic protein, extractable in neutral salt solutions from rat skin, was markedly enriched when precipitated by dialysis against 0.5 M acetic acid. After dissolving the precipitate in 0.5 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, the protein was disaggregated by the addition of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 and purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 columns. The protein isolated under nondenaturing conditions appeared to be essentially homogeneous by its migration as a single band on (a) cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis at pH 8.6; (B) 4% and 7.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at ph 8.9; (C) sodium dodecyl sulfate (10%) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.0; and by (d) its complete freedom from collagen, the major contaminating protein. The molecular weight of the protein was determined as 76,000 +/- 2,000 from its electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and 75,000 from its elution volume in Sephadex G-100 columns. Reduction and alkylation of the protein failed to generate smaller subunits. The amino acid composition of the protein showed that it was relatively rich in glutamic and aspartic acids, which together comprised 25% of its total residues. Hydrophobic amino acids like phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, alanine, proline, and cystine accounted for about 34% of the total residues in the protein. No free NH2-terminal amino acid could be detected in the purified protein by the dansylation method. Each mole of protein contained 11 mol of phosphate. Triton X-100 was necessary for achieving nondestructive disaggregation of the acidic protein. Each mole of protein bound about 3200 mol of Triton X-100 or 10 mol of Congo red. While the detergent binding could be reversed by dialysis, Congo red formed a stable complex with the protein.
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PMID:Purification and properties of an acidic protein from rat skin. 81 54

The third component of complement has been purified from fresh human plasma employing an initial fractionation with poly(ethylene glycol) followed by sequential depletion of plasminogen by affinity adsorbents, chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose, gel filtration on agarose, and batch adsorption/desorption on hydroxylapatite. Final recoveries of C3 were 33% of the initial protein, as quantitated by radial immunodiffusion, and 31% of the initial hemolytic activity. Apparent homogeneity is indicated by immunological criteria and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A partial specific volume of 0.736 +/- 0.003 mlgm-1 was determined for C3 by the mechanical oscillator technique. "Low speed" sedimentation equilibrium yielded an apparent weight average molecular weight for the protein of 187 650 +/- 5650. Based upon this molecular weight, a molar extinction coefficient of 1.82 X 10(5) 1. mole-1 cm-1 at 280 nm was calculated from boundary-spreading experiments in the ultracentrifuge and as assumed refractive index increment. Amino acid analyses revealed no unusual or distinctive characteristics. Automated Edman degradation revealed a double N-terminal sequence, Ser-Val,Pro-Glx,Met-Lee,Tyr-Thr,Ser-Glx,Ile-Lys,Gly-Arg,Thr-Met,Pro-Asx, in agreement with the two chain structure observed on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and revealing both chains are available to degradation. Serine is postulated as the initiating sequence in both chains based upon high recoveries of dinitrophenylserine upon hydrolysis of dinitrophenylated C3, and our inability to identify any other dinitrophenyl or phenylthiohydantoin derivatives in this position. Alanine is the ultimate carboxy-terminal amino acid of at least one of the chains, as indicated by the action of carboxypeptidases on C3 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.
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PMID:Third component of human complement: purification from plasma and physicochemical characterization. 82 64

A procedure for the preparation of highly purified pig prothrombin is described. Compared to the initial clotting activity of the starting plasma, this protein was purified 776 times with a final yield of 8 per cent. The purified zymogen showed a specific activity of 1,460 NH units/mg of protein , a molecular weight of 65,000 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide disc gel electroesis, E 1.0 mg/ml 1.0 cm, 280 nm = 1.45 at pH 7.0 and the following amino acid composition: Asx 51, Thr 38, Glx 62, Pro 23, Gly44, Ala 25, Half-Cys 30, Val 35, Met 3, Ile 30, Leu 32, Tyr 19, Phe 22, Lys 36, His 8, Arg 28, and Trp 13, which accounts for a minimum molecular weight of 59,370 (carbohydrates not computed). Alanine was found as the only N-terminal residue. Carboxypeptidases A and B failed to release any C-terminal residue. By hydrazinolysis however 0.4 mole of serine was released per mole of prothrombin. The activation of crude and chromatographed pig prothrombin was investigated.
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PMID:Pig prothrombin: purification and properties. 95 54


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